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Conservative Reaction

Conservative Reaction. “Isms”. Nationalism – people joined by ethnicity, language, history, customs, culture, sometimes religion. Large Empires traditionally controlled ethnic groups. Did Nationalists support or oppose the Settlement?

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Conservative Reaction

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  1. Conservative Reaction

  2. “Isms” • Nationalism – people joined by ethnicity, language, history, customs, culture, sometimes religion. Large Empires traditionally controlled ethnic groups. • Did Nationalists support or oppose the Settlement? • Liberalism – restrict/limit power of those at the top. Favored democratic ideals but not for everyone. • What groups were liberal? Why? • Radicalism – overthrow the system! • Conservatism – protect establishment. • Who supported them and why?

  3. Conservative Views • Conservatives viewed history as a continuum. • Stability & longevity, not progress and change, are the mark of a good society. • The basis of society is organic, not contractual. • The only legitimate sources of political authority were God and history. • They rejected the “social contract” theory. • Conservatives believed that self-interest does not lead to social harmony, but to social conflict. • Denounced individualism and natural rights. • To conservatives, society was hierarchical.

  4. The Congress of Vienna

  5. Europe in 1812

  6. Main Objectives • Its job was to undo everything that Napoléon and the French Revolution had done: • Reduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. • Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. • Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

  7. Key Players at Vienna Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

  8. The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

  9. Key Principles Established at Vienna • Balance of Power • Legitimacy • Compensation • Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years. • France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs. (resentment of Treaty?) Watch this space for ongoing issues regarding this concept!

  10. As you look at the changes think about what is coming in the next 150 years. Project issues and future treaties!! • France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon. • Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland). • Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories. • A Germanic Confederationof 39 states (including a dominant Prussia) was created from the previous 300, which had been under Austrian rule. • Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus some in Germany and Italy including Dalmatia along the Adriatic coast.

  11. Changes Made at Vienna

  12. The Germanic Confederation, 1815

  13. Changes Made at Vienna (2) • The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed. • Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia. • The slave trade was condemned (at British urging - “Amazing Grace”). • Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.

  14. The Concert Of Europe

  15. What was the legacy of the Congress of Vienna? Was it successful?

  16. Carlsbad Decrees • Conservative reaction to student demonstrations • Karl Sand (student) assassinates ultra conservative minister • Decrees provide for • Press censorship • Abolition of liberal student organizations including Burschenschaften (Sand’s group) • State supervision of universities • Federal investigation of “subversive activities”

  17. Corn Laws • Passed 1815 • Tax on imported grain. Kept the price of grain artificially high!! • Who did this affect? How? Lord Liverpool PM 1812 - 1827

  18. Peterloo Massacre 1819 • Named for Waterloo • Mass meetings in industrial areas to protest against govt. • Govt. fear revolt – reaction is force • Send in troops – creates panic and troops interpret as attack • 11 killed (massacre?) • Results in Six Acts (English version of Carlsbad Decrees)

  19. Utilitarianism • Jeremy Bentham • The “Spock” philosophy • “The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few.” • Greatest happiness for the greatest number • The aim of government should be to provide for the most not for the privileged few.

  20. British Social Advances • Abolition of a slavery 1833 in all British colonies • Repeal of Test Act 1828 • Followed in 1829 by Catholic Emancipation Act • Removed most of the restrictions on Catholics allowing them to hold public office • Great Reform Bill 1832 • Tory control of 50 years over. Whigs in power under Earl Grey. • Whigs pushed for increase in suffrage and redistricting (rotten boroughs) • Tory dominated Lords reject Bill – led to riots. • Grey asks William IV to create peers to pass bill. King agrees. • Lords recognize bill will pass with new lords so they pass without new peers.

  21. 1832 Reform Bill Changes • 56 Rotten boroughs abolished • 30 smaller constituencies with 2 MPs now had 1. Industrialized areas received new MPs • Voters increased from 435K to 652K • Still all men, and only 1 in 7. • No secret ballot

  22. Bourbon Restoration Louis XVII died in prison never ascended the throne • Louis XVIII new King (uncle of Louis XVII) • Condition of restoration was “The Charter” • Bicameral assembly • Property qualifications for voters • Limitations on freedom of press • Limited royalpower. • Granted legislative power. • Protected civil rights. • Upheld the Napoleon Code

  23. The “Ultras” • France was divided by those who had accepted the ideals of the Fr. Revolution and those who didn’t. • The Count of Artois (Louis’ brother) was the leader of the “Ultra-Royalists” • 1815 “White Terror” • Royalist mobs killed 1000s of former revolutionaries. • 1816 elections • The Ultras were rejected in the Chamber of Deputies election in favor of a moderate royalist majority dependent on middle class support. The Count of Artois,the future King Charles X (r. 1824-1830)

  24. France: Conservative Backlash • 1820the Duke of Berri, son of Artois, was murdered. • Royalists blamed the left. • Louis XVIII moved the govt. more to the right • Changes in electoral laws narrowed the eligible voters. • Censorship was imposed. • Liberals were driven out of legal political life and into illegal activities. • 1823 triumph of reactionary forces! • Fr troops were authorized by the Concert of Europe to crush the Spanish Revolution and restore another Bourbon ruler, Ferdinand VII, to the throne there.

  25. King Charles X of France • Conservative, believer in DRK. Reinstituted primogeniture. • His Goals: • Lessen the influence of the middle class. • Limit the right to vote. • Put the clergy back in charge of education. • Public money used to pay nobles for the loss • of their lands during the Fr Revolution. • His Program: • Attack the 1814 Charter. • Control the press. • Dismiss the Chamber of Deputies when it turned against him 1830 • Appointed an ultra-reactionary as his first minister.

  26. 1830 Election brought in another liberal majority. • July Ordinances • He dissolved the entire parliament. • Strict censorship imposed. • Changed the voting laws so that the government in the future could be assured of a conservative victory. • Led to Revolt (again!) • Charles forced to abdicate fled to England

  27. Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic! (AGAIN)

  28. Louis Philippe  The “Citizen King” • The Duke of Orleans. • Elected King • Relative of the Bourbons, but had stayed clear of the Ultras. • Lead a thoroughly bourgeois life. • His Program: • Property qualifications reduced enough to double eligible voters. • Press censorship abolished. • The King ruled by the will of the people, not by the will of God. • The Fr Revolution’s tricolor replaced the Bourbon flag. • The government was now under the control of the wealthy middle class. (r. 1830-1848)

  29. Belgian Independence, 1830 • The first to follow the lead of France. • Its union with Holland after the Congress of Vienna had not proved successful. • Wide cultural differences: • North  Dutch  Protestant  • seafarers and traders. • South  French  Catholic . • farmers and individual workers • Belgium currently “struggling “ with separation of Flemish North and French South.

  30. Greek Revolt 1821. Conservative Europeans usually anti revolt supported the Greeks. Why?

  31. Lord Byron – fought for Greek independence Romantic poet, died during the war. Very romantic way to go

  32. Greek revolt shows the weakness of Ottomans. The Eastern Question???? • What will happen as the Ottoman Empire crumbles? • Who is interested? • Austria, Russia, GB and France • Who gets what territory? • How will these decisions be made?

  33. Russia • Alexander I dies unexpectedly • (who doesn’t) • Who would succeed? 2 heirs – his brothers • Constantine (Older brother) had relinquished throne to Alexander when he married a Polish commoner • Nicholas (Younger brother) was named by Alexander • Each declared the other Tsar!!

  34. Coup to prevent Nicholas becoming Tsar. Hated Alexander after he granted Poland a constitution but kept Russia without one • Known as Decembrists • December 1825 revolt • Wanted constitutional monarchy • Increased civil rights • End to serfdom • Napoleonic influence?? • Nicholas eventually took throne and repressed the Decembrists • Poles took advantage of chaos to try and gain independence. Failed. • Led to Organic Statute – Poland now an integral part of Russia

  35. The Decembrist Uprising 1825

  36. The Reign of Nicholas I • Official Nationality Program • Heritage, religion, culture of Russia were great. Changes were bad! • Gendarmerie • Bureaucracy (inefficient and corrupt made famous by Nikolai Gogol’s novel “The Inspector General)

  37. Ireland • Irish Catholics granted some rights at the end of 18th C • Buy and inherit land (if swore oath of loyalty to King), serve in military, vote, but not hold office. • Pitt decides to unify Ireland with Britain. Bribes Irish to pass Act of Union 1801. • King opposed Catholic emancipation • Irish grated 100 seats in Parliament, but no Catholics • 1803 first Catholic Rebellion. More to come! • 1829 Catholics allowed to sit in Parliament • Tithe War 1838

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