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Genetically engineered crops allowed in the U.S. food supply

Genetically engineered crops allowed in the U.S. food supply. Genetically engineered crops allowed in the U.S. food supply. GM food production (1996 – 2004) (million Ha). total. Developed countries. Developing countries. GM food production (1996 – 2003) (million Ha).

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Genetically engineered crops allowed in the U.S. food supply

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  1. Genetically engineered crops allowed in the U.S. food supply

  2. Genetically engineered crops allowed in the U.S. food supply

  3. GM food production (1996 – 2004) (million Ha) total Developed countries Developing countries

  4. GM food production (1996 – 2003) (million Ha) Soybean Corn Cotton Canola

  5. Field after one round of application of Roundup herbicide Current Products • Transgenic Soybean • Roundup Ready • Resistant to Roundup Herbicide • Reduces the amount of herbicide applied to crops • Altered fatty-acid content • Changes the nutritional value

  6. Glyphosateresistance(sugar beet, canola, soybean, chicory, corn)

  7. Glufosinatresistance(sugar beet, canola, soybean, chicory, rice, corn)

  8. Male sterility(Canola, chicory, corn)

  9. Increased oleic acid content(soybean)

  10. Current Products • Canola • Herbicide resistant • Better for the environment • Altered fatty-acid composition • A value-added food

  11. Bromoxynilresistance(cotton, tobacco, canola)

  12. Sulfonylurea-resistance(cotton, canola)

  13. Increased lauryl acid and myristic acid content(canola)

  14. Transgenic tomato plants show resistance (left) while non-transformed plants are susceptible to cucumber mosaic virus under field conditions (right) Current Products • Tomato • Flavr Savr Tomato • Delayed softening • Consumers get a better tasting tomato • Failed • Virus resistant tomato • Resistant to pests • Decreases the amount of pesticide applied to crops

  15. Altered ripe(tomato, water melone)

  16. Wild-type corn showing infestation - Bt corn is resistant to this Current Products • Corn • Bt CornThe Monarch Butterfly debate: • A microbial gene added results in the crop being resistant to insects • Does it impact the Monarch Butterfly? • Well planned experiments are critical to the survival of biotechnology

  17. Insect infestation on Bt (right) and non-Bt (left) cotton bolls Current Products • Cotton • Yes – clothes can be made from transgenic crops! • Bollgard cotton • Insect resistance • Lowers pesticide usage

  18. Current Products • Papaya • Virus resistant • Restored the papaya industry in Hawaii • Reduced crop loss • Japan blocked imports of transgenic papaya

  19. Virus-resisance(Papaya, potato, cucmber)

  20. Golden rice and normal (white)www.fumento.com/ wsjbiotech.html Current Products • Golden Rice • Biotechnology’s poster child? • A true value added food • Vitamin A enriched rice prevents disease and blindness • Golden in colour

  21. Golden Rice has not been developed by and for industry. • It fulfills an urgent need by complementing traditional interventions. • It presents a sustainable, cost-free solution, not requiring other resources. • It avoids the unfortunate negative side effects of the Green Revolution. • Industry does not benefit from it. • Those who benefit are the poor and disadvantaged. • It is given free of charge and restrictions to subsistence farmers. • It does not create any new dependencies. • It will be grown without any additional inputs. • It does not create advantages to rich landowners. • It can be resown every year from the saved harvest. • It does not reduce agricultural biodiversity. • It does not affect natural biodiversity. • There is, so far, no conceptual negative effect on the environment. • There is, so far, no conceivable risk to consumer health. • It was not possible to develop the trait with traditional methods, etc.

  22. How a transgenic plant containing a vaccine is made Edible Vaccines • Plants producing vaccines could eliminate or simplify vaccine distribution problems in developing nations

  23. Potatoes are one of many plants being used to produce vaccines Edible Vaccines • May have advantages over injected vaccines • Plants being studied include potato, banana, papaya, tomato, lettuce, carrot, rice, wheat, corn and soybean – Quite a salad!

  24. Edible Vaccines • Tomato and potato plant can make antigens from Hepatitis B, E. Coli and V. cholerae • Feeding to test animals induces an immune response • Potatoes fed to human volunteers induced and immune response to an inactive form of the E. coli toxin

  25. Other Cool Plant Biotech Products • Blue Carnations and Roses • Nature can not make these • Non-allergenic peanuts • Kids can take peanut butter sandwiches to school again! • Decaffeinated coffee • Less processing

  26. How to constuct transgenic plants? • Microinjection • Viral vectors (e.g. lentiviruses, adenoviruses) (Univ. Pnnsylvania: Jesse Gelsinger)

  27. How to constuct transgenic plants? • Agrobacterium tumefaciens • Cancerousgrowth in plant cells • (bacterial DNA) • Gene-gun • Gold or Wolframparticles (DNA-coated) • Particles must hit the cells • Cells must be able to repair the holes on cell membrane • DNA must intagrate into thegenome • Selection markers (e.g. Ab-resistance) • The transgenecontains: • Promotersequence, structural gene, stop sequence, marker-gene

  28. GM Products: Benefits • Crops • Enhanced taste and quality • Reduced maturation time • Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance • Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides • New products and growing techniques • Animals • Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency • Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk • Improved animal health and diagnostic methods • Environment • "Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides • Conservation of soil, water, and energy • Bioprocessing for forestry products • Better natural waste management • More efficient processing • Society • Increased food security for growing populations

  29. GM Products: Controversies • Safety • Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity • Access and Intellectual Property • Domination of world food production by a few companies • Increasing dependence on Industralized nations by developing countries • Biopiracy—foreign exploitation of natural resources • Ethics • Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values • Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species • Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa • Stress for animal • Labeling • Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States) • Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts • Society • New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries

  30. Results of GM rice experiments in China GM non GM Costs of pesticides 31 jüan/ha 243 jüan/ha Amount of pesticides 2 kg/ha 21,2 kg/ha Work 0,73 day/ha 9,1 day/ha Yield 6364 kg/ha 6151 kg/ha Health related problems 0 3

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