Enumerations, Autoboxing

1. Enumerations, Autoboxing

2. Enumerations • Enumeration is a list of named constants. • In languages such as C++, enumerations are simply lists of named integer constants. • In Java, an enumeration defines a class type. • Enumeration can have constructors, methods, and instance variables.

3. Enumeration Fundamentals • An enumeration is created using the enum keyword. // An enumeration of apple varieties. enum Apple { Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel, Winesap, Cortland }

4. The identifiers Jonathan, GoldenDel, and so on, are called enumeration constants. • Each is implicitly declared as a public, static final member of Apple. • Their type is the type of the enumeration in which they are declared, which is Apple. • Once we have defined an enumeration, we can create a variable of that type.

5. Even though its of class type, no need to instantiate an enum using new. • We can declare and use an enumeration variable. Eg: Apple ap; - ap is of type Apple, so it can be assigned the value only defined by the enumeration. Eg: ap = Apple.RedDel; • ap is having the value RedDel:

6. To display an enumeration constant using println( ) statement. Eg: System.out.println(Apple.Winesap); Output : Winesap

7. The values( ) and valueOf( ) Methods • All enumerations automatically contain two predefined methods: values( ) and valueOf( ). General forms : public static enum-type[ ] values( ) public static enum-type valueOf(String str) • values( ) method returns an array that contains a list of the enumeration constants. • valueOf( ) method returns the enumeration constant whose value corresponds to the string passed in str.

8. // Use the built-in enumeration methods. // An enumeration of apple varieties. enum Apple { Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel, Winesap, Cortland } class EnumDemo2 { public static void main(String args[ ]) { Apple ap;

9. Apple allapples[ ] = Apple.values(); for(Apple a : allapples) System.out.println(a); System.out.println(); ap = Apple.valueOf("Winesap"); System.out.println("ap contains " + ap); } }

10. Output : Jonathan GoldenDel RedDel Winesap Cortland ap contains Winesap

11. Java Enumerations Are Class Types • Java enumeration is a class type. • Even though we don’t instantiate an enum using new, it has the same capabilities as other classes. • It can have constructors, instance variables and methods. • Implement interfaces.

12. // Use an enum constructor, instance variable and method. enum Apple { Jonathan(10), GoldenDel(9), RedDel(12), Winesap(15), Cortland(8); private int price; // price of each apple // Constructor Apple(int p) { price = p; } int getPrice() { return price; } }

13. class EnumDemo3 { public static void main(String args[]) { Apple ap; // Display price of Winesap. System.out.println("Winesap costs " + Apple.Winesap.getPrice() + " cents.\n"); } }

14. Output: Winesap costs 15 cents.

15. Enumerations Inherit Enum • All enumerations automatically inherit java.lang.Enum. • This class defines several methods that are available for use by all enumerations. • ordinal( ), compareTo( ), equals( ).

16. final int ordinal( ) - It returns the ordinal value of the invoking constant. i.e; position of enumeration constant in the list. • final int compareTo(enum-type e) - Compares the ordinal value of two constants. • equals( ) - Compares two enumeration constant. If they are equal it returns true.

17. // Demonstrate ordinal(), compareTo() and equals(). // An enumeration of apple varieties. enum Apple { Jonathan, GoldenDel, RedDel, Winesap, Cortland } class EnumDemo4 { public static void main(String args[]) { Apple ap, ap2, ap3;

18. // Obtain all ordinal values using ordinal(). System.out.println(“Apple constants" + " and their ordinal values: "); for(Apple a : Apple.values()) System.out.println(a + " " + a.ordinal()); ap = Apple.RedDel; ap2 = Apple.GoldenDel; ap3 = Apple.RedDel; System.out.println();

19. // Demonstrate compareTo() and equals() if(ap.compareTo(ap2) < 0) System.out.println(ap + " comes before " + ap2); if(ap.equals(ap3)) System.out.println(ap + " equals " + ap3); if(ap.equals(ap2)) System.out.println("Error!"); } }

20. Output: Apple constants and their ordinal values: Jonathan 0 GoldenDel 1 RedDel 2 Winesap 3 Cortland 4 GoldenDel comes before RedDel RedDel equals RedDel

21. Autoboxing • Two important features: autoboxing and auto- unboxing. • Autoboxing is the process by which a primitive type is automatically encapsulated (boxed) into its equivalent type wrapper whenever an object of that type is needed. • Auto-unboxing is the process by which the value of a boxed object is automatically extracted (unboxed) from a type wrapper when its value is needed.

22. In autoboxing its not necessary to manually construct an object to wrap a primitive type. • We need to only assign that value to a type-wrapper reference. • Eg: To construct an Integer object that has the value 100: Integer iOb = 100; // autobox an int

23. To unbox an object, simply assign that object reference to a primitive-type variable. Eg: To unbox iOb int i = iOb; // auto-unbox

24. // Demonstrate autoboxing/unboxing. class AutoBox { public static void main(String args[ ]) { Integer iOb = 100; // autobox an int int i = iOb; // auto-unbox System.out.println(i + " " + iOb); } } Output: 100 100

25. Autoboxing and Methods • Autoboxing automatically occurs whenever a primitive type must be converted into an object. • Auto-unboxing takes place whenever an object must be converted into a primitive type. • Autoboxing/unboxing might occur when an argument is passed to a method, or when a value is returned by a method.

26. class AutoBox2 { // Take an Integer parameter and return an int value static int m(Integer v) { return v ; // auto-unbox to int } public static void main(String args[]) { Integer iOb = m(100); System.out.println(iOb); } }

27. Autoboxing/Unboxing Occurs in Expressions Eg: Integer iOb, iOb2; int i; iOb = 100; iOb2 = iOb + (iOb / 3);//autobox i = iOb + (iOb / 3);//unbox

28. Auto-unboxing also allows to mix different types of numeric objects: Eg: Integer iOb = 100; Double dOb = 98.6; dOb = dOb + iOb;

29. Autoboxing/Unboxing Boolean and Character Values Eg: Boolean b = true;//autobox if(b) //unbox System.out.println("b is true"); Eg: Autobox/unbox a char. Character ch = 'x'; // box a char char ch2 = ch; // unbox a char

30. Generics

31. It is possible to create classes, interfaces, and methods that will work with various kinds of data. Eg: Collections Framework. • Generics means parameterized types.

32. Using generics, it is possible to create a single class, that automatically works with different types of data. • A class, interface, or method that operates on a parameterized type is called generic.

33. A Simple Generics Example // A simple generic class. // Here, T is a type parameter that // will be replaced by a real type // when an object of type Gen is created. class Gen<T> { T ob; // declare an object of type T // Pass the constructor a reference to // an object of type T. Gen(T o) { ob = o; }

34. // Return ob. T getob() { return ob; } // Show type of T. void showType() { System.out.println("Type of T is " + ob.getClass().getName()); } }

35. // Demonstrate the generic class. class GenDemo { public static void main(String args[]) { // Create a Gen reference for Integers. Gen<Integer> iOb; // Create a Gen<Integer> object and assign its // reference to iOb. Notice the use of autoboxing // to encapsulate the value 88 within an Integer object. iOb = new Gen<Integer>(88); // Show the type of data used by iOb. iOb.showType();

36. // Get the value in iOb. Notice that // no cast is needed. int v = iOb.getob(); System.out.println("value: " + v); System.out.println(); // Create a Gen object for Strings. Gen<String> strOb = new Gen<String>("Generics Test"); // Show the type of data used by strOb. strOb.showType();

37. // Get the value of strOb. Again, notice // that no cast is needed. String str = strOb.getob(); System.out.println("value: " + str); } }

38. Output: Type of T is java.lang.Integer value: 88 Type of T is java.lang.String value: Generics Test

39. A Generic Class with Two Type Parameters • We can declare more than one type parameter in a generic type. • To specify two or more type parameters, simply use a comma-separated list.

40. // A simple generic class with two type // parameters: T and V. class TwoGen<T, V> { T ob1; V ob2; // Pass the constructor a reference to // an object of type T and an object of type V. TwoGen(T o1, V o2) { ob1 = o1; ob2 = o2; }

41. // Show types of T and V. void showTypes() { System.out.println("Type of T is " + ob1.getClass().getName()); System.out.println("Type of V is " + ob2.getClass().getName()); } T getob1() { return ob1; } V getob2() { return ob2; } }

42. // Demonstrate TwoGen. class SimpGen { public static void main(String args[]) { TwoGen<Integer, String> tgObj = new TwoGen<Integer, String>(88, "Generics"); // Show the types. tgObj.showTypes(); // Obtain and show values. int v = tgObj.getob1(); System.out.println("value: " + v); String str = tgObj.getob2(); System.out.println("value: " + str); } }

43. Output: Type of T is java.lang.Integer Type of V is java.lang.String value: 88 value: Generics

44. The General Form of a Generic Class • The syntax for declaring a generic class: class class-name<type-param-list> { // ... • The syntax for declaring a reference to a generic class: class-name<type-arg-list> var-name = new class-name<type-arg-list>(cons-arg-list);

45. String Handling

46. String is a sequence of characters. • Java implements strings as objects of type String. • When we create a String object, we are creating a string that cannot be changed. • i.e; once a String object has been created, we cannot change the characters of the string.

47. Still we can perform all types of string operations. • Each time if we need an altered version of an existing string, a new String object is created. • The original string is left unchanged.

48. In cases where modifiable string is desired Java provides two options: StringBufferand StringBuilder. • Both hold strings that can be modified after they are created. • The String, StringBuffer, and StringBuilder classes are defined in java.lang.

49. The String Constructors • The String class supports several constructors. • To create an empty String, call the default constructor. Eg: String s = new String(); • It wil create an instance of String with no characters in it.

50. To create strings that have initial values. String(char chars[ ]) Eg: char chars[] = { 'a', 'b', 'c' }; String s = new String(chars);