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Tierheim Associates: US History

Tierheim Associates: US History. Dream for the stars and sail the winds of change!. Introduction: Founding a Nation. Fleeing poverty and persecution, settlers still considered themselves Europeans.

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Tierheim Associates: US History

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  1. Tierheim Associates:US History Dream for the stars and sail the winds of change!

  2. Introduction: Founding a Nation • Fleeing poverty and persecution, settlers still considered themselves Europeans. • Conditions and hardships of settlement united the settlers though they had great diversity across the countryside with small tight mostly democratic communities in the north and independent laborers in the middle and a variety of landowners slaves and laborers in the south. • Britain gave them a great deal of liberty, but the French and English struggle drew the colonies in against the French and Indian enemies. • After the French were gone the colonies did not need British protection. • Britain needed the colonial support after the years of war.

  3. Exploration, Colonization, French & Indian War (AP Approved) • Pre –Columbian Societies • Transatlantic Encounters & Colonial Beginnings 1492-1690 • Colonial North America 1690-1754

  4. The Shaping of North America • Appalachians formed about 350 million year ago • 225 million years ago N America part of the Pangaea supercontinent • The Rockies, Cascades, Sierra Nevadas, and Cost Range formed after shifting between135 and 35 million • Anchored at North east Canadian Shield • Ice age 2 million years ago transformed after retreat 10,000 years ago.

  5. Peopling the American Continents 35,0000 ice age lowered oceans when glaciers formed exposing land bridges across the Bering Straights=> 250 centuries (25,000 yrs)of migration Ice melts open valleys and migration to south and east as far as the tip of S. America Estimates of 54million people in American Continents by 1492 Over 2000 separate languages, diverse cultures and religions Inca of Peru, Mayans of Central America & Aztec of Mexico advance agriculture & depend on maize

  6. The Earliest Americans • Native Americans in Mexico & S America develop corn crops from grass about 5000BC • Hunter gatherers begin to settle into agricultural villages. • Corn planting reaches American SW about 1200 BC with Pueblo (village) around Rio Grande • Corn cultivation did not reach other parts of N America until much later and social “tribes” were less extensive making it easier for Europeans to subdue small groups.

  7. Early Americans • Large Native American societies existed at several places: • Mound Builders of the Ohio River • Mississippi of the lower Midwest (Cahokia near St Louis) • Anastasia of the Southwest • These cultures seem to have fell before 1300AD (perhaps due to drought)

  8. Early Americans • Three sister farming: corn, beans, and squash helps to refresh soil by retaining moisture. Rich food supply • Iroquois Confederacy (Hiawatha) grew to a large political nation but most other tribes remain small. • Women farm men hunt and fish • Maternal inheritance • Native American reverence for the land. • <4million Native Americans could live in harmony with land and do little harm

  9. Indirect Discoveries of the New World • Scandinavians land near Lanes aux Meadows in Newfoundland and named it Vinland. • Christian crusaders after crusades in the Holy Lands in the 11-14 centuries desired goods and to travel. • Trade with Indonesia was very expensive. An alternative route was needed

  10. Europeans Enter Africa • Marco Polo, Italian, returns from China 1295 • Stories of pearls & gold • Northerly Winds and South flowing currents prevented sailing around Africa • 1450 Portuguese find way to sail back from Africa and set up POST • Portuguese set up posts along coast, black native slaves • Bartholomew Dias rounded the tip of Africa 1488 • Vasco ad Gama sailed to India 1498

  11. The Rise of Spain • Portugal dominates slave trade –need for slaves for huge sugar plantations • Portuguese dominate southern routes • Marriage of Ferdinand & Isabella • Expulsion of Moors from Spain • Spain sets sight on Indies and heads West to find route.

  12. Columbus Comes upon a New World • Desire for cheaper trade, adventure, products, lands, agriculture, etc fuel trip • Invention of mariners compass • Successful long voyages • Oct. 12, 1492 island in the Bahamas sighted. • 6 week voyage

  13. When worlds collide • Explorers bring germs (smallpox, measles, plague, scarlet fever, etc) • slave labor • New agriculture (horse, sugar cane) • Natives bring • Skills • Seeds for flora (bluegrass, dandelion, daisies…)

  14. The Spanish Conquistadors • Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 – gave Spain lands in New world dividing it with Portugal. • Search for Gold & Silver. • 1513 Vasco Nunez Balboa crossed Panama canal • 1519 Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the tip of S America return 1522 - 1st to sail around the world • 1513-1521 Jean Ponce de Leon explored Florida looking for the fountain of youth • 1540-42 Fransco Coranado discovered Grand Canyon & Coloraddo River

  15. Conquistadors cont’ • 1539 – 1542 Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi River but was lost . Remains hidden because he had mistreated Indians so badly men fear for his. • Francisco Pizarro crushed the Incas in 1532 & added loot to Spain’s treasury • Flood of precious metal sparks growth in economy and fuels growth of capitalism, modern banking and commerce • Caribbean- West Indies Islands serve as staging grounds for encomienda- government giving natives to colonists who promise to “Christianize” them.

  16. The Conquest of Mexico • 1519 Herman Cortes left Cuba with men & horses. • He rescued a Mayan-speaking castaway and an Indian slave named Malinche • Near Vera Cruz his new interpreters told of rebellious spirits at the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan The Golden Aztec capital spread over 10 miles on an island in the center of a lake and contained over 300,000 people! • Cortez recruited among the rebels and rent to see Montezuma. • Welcomed as the returning legendary god Quetzalcoatl, Cortez and his men “hungered” for the gold.

  17. The Fall of Tenochtitlan • On the night of June 30, 1520, the Aztec tired of the Spaniards greed and attacked to drive them from the city. • Cortez laid siege • Sick with diseases brought by the Europeans (smallpox) and battle the Aztec surrendered the city Aug 13, 1521. It became Mexico City • The people are now mestizo (mixed) and Columbus day is Dia de la Raza(The day of the New Race) and malinchista means traitor

  18. The Spread of Spanish America • By 1551 the Spanish had established a strong hold in the new world. • Silver producing centers in Mexico and Peru • Cathedrals and printing presses dotting the mid section (Mexico etc.) • Universities (85 yrs before Harvard the 1st English University) • Competition was rising • Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) of England sent to the North east coast 1497-1498 • Giovanni Verrazanno of France to the east coast 1524

  19. Competition is rising Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) of England sent to the North east coast 1497-1498 Giovanni Verrazanno of France to the east coast 1524 Jacques Cartier travels the St Lawrence River for the French 1534 St Augustine, Florida is established by the Spanish as the oldest continually inhabited settlement in the US. It is “protection” of their borders and Caribbean shipping. Conquistadors travel into Rio Grande valley and are brutal to Pueblo but succeed in establishing Santa Fe by 1609

  20. Spread of Spanish Influence and Competition • Spanish spread Christianity until missionaries suppress native religions. • Pope’s Rebellion of 1680 led to destruction of catholic churches and priests and reestablishing kivas • Robert La Salle of France leads expedition down the Mississippi 1680 • Spanish establish settlements in Texas at San Antonio (Alamo) • JaunRodeiquez Cabrillo explored California in 1542 but found little

  21. Spanish Spread cont’ • Missionaries found San Diego and travel to San Francisco und Father Junipero Serra in 1789. taught agriculture to Indians. • The Black Legend of the Spaniards “killing for Christ”, stealing, infecting, and destroying the Indian way of life. However they did marry the Natives and build empires with them. • Note Philip II had begun assembling the “Invincible Armada “ in 1580 and planning to rule the seas and even England.

  22. Transatlantic Encounter and Colonial Beginnings 1492-1690 (AP approved) • First European Contacts with Native Americans • Spain’s Empire in North America • French Colonization of Canada • English Settlement of New England, the mid-Atlantic, and the South • From servitude to Slavery in the Chesapeake region • Religious diversity in the colonies • Resistance to colonial authority: Bacon’s Rebellion, the Glorious Revolution, and the Pueblo Revolt

  23. The Planting of English America • Introduction • While European crops, conquest, and disease changed the land in middle America North America was little changed until 1600 • The English establish Jamestown in 1607 • The French established Quebec in 1608 • The Spanish established Santa Fe in 1610 • Things now begin to change.

  24. England’s Imperial Stirrings • 1530: Henry VIII breaks with Catholic Church launching Protestant Reformation • 1558: Elizabeth ascends and Protestant religion is established setting rivalry with Spain & Ireland • Irish lands went to loyal Scotts and Englishman. • English soldiers learned to sneer at “savage Irish natives”.

  25. Elizabeth’s England rough start • Elizabeth encouraged buccaneers to spread Protestantism and plunder Spanish treasure ships and raid settlements. • The Queen knighted Francis Drake in 1580 for his success ( she was a secret backer). • Sir Walter Ralegh's (Raleigh) brother (Sir Walter Gilbert) was lost at sea trying to colonize Newfoundland in 1583. • The second attempt by Raleigh was the Roanoke colony in North Carolina in 1585 which vanished.

  26. Elizabeth’s England • 1588 the 130 ship Spanish armada came into the English channel. English “sea dogs” attacked and the ”Protestant wind” stuck a heavy storm crippling the Spanish. • Ensured English naval dominance of Atlantic. • Followed by Holland’s independence from Spain • English spirit soar, Shakespeare, restlessness, adventure! • 1604 England and Spain sign peace treaty

  27. England on the Eve of Empire • Population boom 1550 to 1600 3 to 4 million • Landlords enclose croplands for grazing forcing small farmers to tenant or leave. • Depressed wool industry followed leading to unemployment. • Primogeniture- only oldest son inherits • Joint stock companies (venture capitalists) rise • Poor can pool efforts and find new hope in a new land!

  28. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling • The Joint-stock company, the Virginia Company, set sail under a charter from King James in 1606 hoping to find a path to the Indies and gold. • Landed near the Chesapeake Bay and were attacked then pushed up the bay into the “James River”. The all male crew disembarked May 24,1607. • Men died on the voyage and after landing of disease, malnutrition, and starvation: searching for gold instead of survival.

  29. Jamestown survival • Captain John Smith took over in 1608 declaring that those who did not work would not eat. • The Powhatan Chief (WahunsenacaPowhattan) staged a kidnapping to talk to John Smith and make him a Werowcomoco “chief” • According to Indian oral history Pocahontas was only 10 at the time and not allowed to attend the ceremony though she was the favorite daughter and did become the intermediary later. She was known to accompany others when food was sent to the settlement. • By 1625, only about 1200 settlers of 8000 survived!

  30. Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake • The English called Indians Powhatans but they were truly many tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy. • Lord De La Warrarrived in 1610 and declared war on the Indians being a veteran of the Irish wars and allowed troops to raid and burn and rape the savages. • The marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe in 1614 created and temporary truce because she was the favorite princess of the Chief. • Indian oral history says that she was captured 1st and then held prisoner and raped before being forced to marry.

  31. Clash in the Chesapeake • Records show that Mataoaka (Pocahontas) was kidnapped by Captain Samuel Argall in 1613 and held prisoner to ensure her father’s cooperation. John Rolfe married her after she was baptized “Rebecca” and took her , their son and other Algonquin representatives to England . After meeting the royal family and others, Rolfe and the Indian representatives were preparing to return when Pocahontas died suddenly. • War between the settlers and Indians broke out in 1622. John Rolfe was killed. Indians people were determined “not to exist as a people”

  32. Clash in the Chesapeake • War broke out again in 1644. The Indians were defeated and effectively banished from their ancestral lands. By 1685 the English considered the Powhatan extinct. • The Indians were considered “unnecessary”. • Mattaponi oral history says that the English wanted the secret of growing and preparing tobacco that was held by the priest (relatives to the chief). John Rolfe was a Tobacco farmer.

  33. Indian’s New World • Native Americans were use to change and the rise and fall of civilization as Anasazi and Mississippi had in the past. Sedentary tribes like the Lakota (Sioux) adapted to plains and became mounted hunters. • Disease devastated the tribes. Elders and oral traditions were lost. • Trade with Europeans disrupted the old ways of hunting & economy • Large scale invasion destroyed the land they depended on and pushed them into marginal unknown territory

  34. Virginia: Child of Tobacco • John Rolfe (Father of the Tobacco Industry) was responsible for the economic survival of the colony. • “King Nicotine” was bewitchingly in demand but drained the soil and workers. • 1619: 20 African slaves/servants were brought by a Dutch warship. By 1650 14% of the population was black (mostly slaves). • A representative self-government assembly called the HOUSE OF BURGESSES was established by the London Company • James I became distrustful and revoked the company charter.

  35. Maryland: Catholic Haven • Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a Catholic haven and for profit. • Plans to set up Catholic estates failed when settlers only agreed to come if given a chance at land themselves. • Catholics surrounded by protestants chose the Act of Tolerance and tobacco farming using indentured servants. • Less liberal: death penalty to Jews and atheists • 4th colony

  36. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America • Due to Spain’s weakened state from Dutch rebellion and overexpansion, England was able to gain access to Caribbean and Jamaica in 1655. • Sugar cane crops grown in Caribbean required large investment and hard labor. • African slaves were brought in to work fields process cane and refineries. • Slaves outnumbered whites 4:1 • Barbados Slave Codes of 1661 enacted to give masters rights to whip, maim, dismember etc a slave without legal trial.

  37. Caribbean Slaves & the Effect • Slaves would drown rather than be taken. • The Barbados code awarded the slaves “base” status! • Sugar barons push out small farmers • Small farmers migrate to southern states with slaves and version of the code! • Caribbean system was the staging ground for the slave system in the south (encomienda)

  38. Colonizing the Carolinas • 1707 the Savannah Indians decided to quit the slave trade and leave but the Carolinians raided and killed most before they could leave. • Rice becomes major crop for Carolina. Africans have knowledge and are genetically immune to malaria (from swampy condition mosquito) but get sickle cell. They became majority of population • Lesser sons of landed English come to Charles –Town South Carolina because of the aristocratic atmosphere. • French protestants come for religious freedom

  39. Colonizing the Carolinas • 1629 King Charles dismissed Parliament for not agreeing to his will then recalled them in 1640. • Charles was beheaded in 1649. Oliver Cromwell ruled until Charles II was restored in 1660 • Lands given to the Lord Proprietors when expansion resumed (they hoped to aid sugar plantations). Carolinas named after Charles • Settlers from West Indies establish slave trade in Carolinas & use Savannah Indians to capture other Indians for slaves

  40. The Emergence of North Carolina • Poorer, smaller farmers who were trying to avoid the “Virginia” and “South Carolina” atmosphere settled in Northern Carolina. • More tolerant, more democratic, less aristocratic, hospitable to pirates and resistant to authority. (like Rhode Island) • Separated from S. Carolina in 1712 • Fewer slaves but poor relations with Indians: Tuscaroras battles • By 1720 Cherokee, Creek & Iroquois remain further inland

  41. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony • Last founded 1733 as crown (King George) supported buffer against Spanish Florida and French Louisiana • Refuge for those in debtors prison • James Oglethorpe (soldier/statesman) philanthropist lead against Spanish attack and improved conditions in prisons for debtors and fought against slavery. • Savannah became melting pot of German Lutherans, Scots Highlanders, etc. • Missionaries like Methodist founder John Wesley

  42. The Plantation Colonies • Virginia 1, Maryland 4, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia • Commercial export of agricultural goods • Water cycle • Slavery • Aristocratic atmosphere

  43. The Iroquois: Makers of America • Mohawks (keeper of Eastern fire-trade); Seneca = Seneca (keeper of the Western Fire-Fur Suppliers) Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas • Deganawidah & Hiawatha lead Confederacy • Compete with English & French … Whiskey & muskets • Round house – 200 ft long, matriarchal ; adopted captives and refugees • Sided mostly with British in Wars with French • Moved to new lands and put on New Yord reservation

  44. Iroquois: Makers of America cont’ • Morale on reservation declines. • Prophet Handsome Lake has vision and warns people to stop drinking, fighting etc and go back to old ways 1799

  45. Settling the Northern Colonies • Colonist were bound by a common language and alliance to England but were very diverse politically, economically, and socially. • The promise of land, wealth etc attracted early southern settlers while religious freedom and devotion shaped the northern and middle colonies development.

  46. The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism • 1517 German friar Martin Luther begins the Protestant Reformation by nailing protest to the cathedral door at Wittenburgdenouncing the Catholic doctrines.Look to the Bible for the work of Good not to man. • John Calvin of Geneva became a strong reformist leader for “Calvanism” stating God was all powerful, all good, and all knowing. People were weak and wicked. People were predestined. Good works could not save those predestined for hell. Those chosen by God could not count on predestine fate and do as they chose.

  47. Protestant Reformation cont’ • Puritans wanted to cleanse the Church of England of all catholic taint. They believed that God revealed the destiny to the chosen • Puritans rose when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church. • Separatistswere Puritan extremists who believed that only puritans who “could feel the touch of grace and demonstrate it” should be admitted to the church membership. They should not have to sit with the “damned” • King James I threatened to eject them realizing that defying him as spiritual leader may lead to defying him as political leader.

  48. The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage At Plymouth • A group of Separatists left England and the King’s anger for Holland in 1608. Twelve years later they set sail on the Mayflower with a hope of again becoming English men and women. • Only about half of the party were separatists. Captain Myles Standish was not. • After landing and preliminary surveys settlers chose Plymouth to settle and made the Mayflower Compact. • The Mayflower Compact was an agreement of adult males to assemble to make decisions,

  49. Pilgrims • Winter 1620-21 44 of 102 survive but fall of 1621 saw good harvest & 1st Thanksgiving • Fur, fish, lumber • William Bradford read elected governor 30 years • Feared other fishing villages where “people more interested in cod than God” • 1691 still no charter they merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony

  50. The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth • The Puritans separatist were devoted extremists who gained support after Charles I dismissed the council. • 1629 non-Separatists secure charter for the Massachusetts Bay Colony based in Boston & brought the Charter with them fearing kings later change of heart. • 11 vessels with immigrants & supplies. • Of the 70,000 immigrants of the 1630’s about 20,000 went to Massachusetts.

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