Smart Grid – An Outline

1. Smart Grid – An Outline Shyam Penubolu

2. Agenda • Overview of existing electricity grid • Benefits of the smart grid • Components of the smart grid • Smart grid players – participating companies

3. Overview of existing electricity grid • Benefits of the smart grid • Components of the smart grid • Smart grid players – participating companies

4. The Grid is Already Smart! In the USA: • 9200 electricity generating units • 300,000 miles of transmission lines • 99.97% reliable • Termed as the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th century by the National Academy of Engineering

5. So, what are the issues? Does not address modern concerns such as: • Reliability: increasing number of black-outs • Slow mechanical switches • No automated analytics • No situational awareness • Energy Efficiency • National Economy increasingly dependent on electronic equipment. • Affordability: • Rising fossil fuel costs triggering increase in energy costs • Grid not prepared to easily accommodate renewable sources • Climate Change: Electricity accounts for 40% of GHG emissions. If Alexander Graham Bell were somehow transportedto the 21st century, he would not begin to recognizethe components of modern telephony – cell phones,texting, cell towers, PDAs, etc. – while Thomas Edison,one of the grid’s key early architects, would be totallyfamiliar with the grid. - From DOE's Smart Grid: An Introduction

6. Some Startling Numbers • Power outages cost $180 billion per year • Growth in peak demand exceeds growth in transmission by almost 25% every year • If the grid were just 5% more efficient, the energy savings would equate to eliminating 53 million cars • Sun Microsystems estimates that a blackout costs the company $1 million every minute. • Load from chip technologies and automated manufacturing is about 40% currently. Expected to reach 60% by 2012. • In 2000, the one-hour outage that hit the Chicago Board of Trade resulted in $20 trillion in trades delayed. • Average efficiency of legacy grids is 33% whereas the efficiency of those using modern technologies is 60%

7. Overview of existing electricity grid Benefits of the smart grid Components of the smart grid Smart grid players – participating companies

8. Benefits to Consumers • Can monitor their energy consumption in real-time. • Can control their consumption based on real-time pricing information • the control can be automated • even possible via the web. • Can power electric and plug-in/hybrid vehicles and • feed locally generated energy back to the grid.

9. Benefits to Utilities • Monitor load in real-time, anticipate demand and automatically adjust energy flows • Peak Load Balancing – interact with customers to reduce demand at peak load • Enable integration of external renewable energy sources to pump electricity back into the grid • Fault Isolation – advanced sensors allow quick isolation of faults in the network and speedy recovery • Power Plant Growth – better management of demand and supply allows utilities to reduce need for additional power plants

10. Overview of existing electricity grid Benefits of the smart grid Components of the smart grid Smart grid players – participating companies

11. Components of the Smart Grid The Smart Grid is a widely distributed electricity delivery network, characterized by 2-way flow of electricity and information and is capable of monitoring everything from power plants to customer appliances.

12. Key Smart Grid Technologies • Integrated Communication:enables 2-way communication for monitoring and controlling grid components in real-time. • Sensing and Measurement: enable remote monitoring and more accurate response. • Advanced Components: apply the latest research in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage etc. . • Advanced Control Methods: monitor essential components, enabling rapid diagnosis and precise solutions to events. • Improved Interfaces and Decisions Support: enable grid operators and managers to take informed decisions.

13. Integrated Communications – Key Benefits • Enable the grid to become a dynamic, interactive medium for 2-way real-time information and power exchange. • Appropriate media that will provide the necessary infrastructure to transmit information accurately, securely, reliably. • Enhances reliability – enables Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and Demand Response (DR). • Enhances security – better detection of physical and cyber threats to the grid • Economic benefits to both users and utilities via real-time pricing information, DR, DER etc.

14. Integrated Communications – Current State • Communications too slow and not integrated • Mostly, no standards exist, currently under development – e.g. OpenAMI, IEEE is working on Broadband Power Line (BPL) • BPL is being deployed in some cases but Wireless is emerging as a viable alternative • Exception where a standard is available is Substation Automation (SA) – IEC 61850.

15. Communication Technologies

16. Communication Technologies

17. Integrated Communications – Future • Integrated communications will enable the grid to become a dynamic, interactive medium for real-time information and power exchange. • Open communications standards • Appropriate media that will provide the necessary infrastructure to transmit information accurately, securely, reliably.

18. Advanced Sensing and Measurement Current customer-focused advances: Consumer gateway: • Advanced meter reading • Real-time pricing • Integration of energy generated by customer • Building energy management system • Remote power quality monitoring

19. Advanced Sensing and Measurement Residential consumer network - a subset of consumer gateway • Advanced Meter • Uses digital technology to read and record electrical parameters

20. Utility focused advances Wide-area Monitoring System (WAMS): • GPS based PMUs measure voltage and current at various locations on the grid • Provides global view of the grid, automatically monitors it and alerts the operator in case of (possible) issues • Combines phasor data with SCADA for enhanced state estimation • Most promising of all the technologies Dynamic line rating technology • Measures the ampacity (current carrying capability) of lines in real-time

21. Utility focused advances • Conductor/compression connector sensor: • Determines line rating by measuring the conductor temperature and line sag • Communication via BPL or wireless • Insulation contamination leakage current sensor: • Continuously monitors leakage current to determine key parameters • Advances in protection – Digital relays that have replaced electro-mechanical ones have better fault isolation, detection and self-checking diagnostics

22. Advanced Sensing and Measurement - Future Customer focused: • Solid-state meters are the future • Will record usage at different times of day • Will listen to real-time pricing signals sent by the provider and display to user • May be capable of controlling loads based on customer profile • May even provide non-utility services such as fire and burglar alarms

23. Advanced Sensing and Measurement - Future Utility focused: • Tools that will provide info on: • Power factor • Power quality throughout the grid • Phasor relationships (WAMS) • Equipment health and capacity • Meter tampering • Vegetation intrusion • Fault location • Transformer and line loading • New host software systems will collect, store, analyze, and process the abundance of data that flows from these modern tools • Future digital relays that employ computer agents will further enhance reliability

24. Advanced Components – Current State Both AC and HVDC transmission equipment requiring power electronics. These devices aid in: • Voltage control at various load conditions • Power quality enhancement • Reactive power balance • Stability problems in long-distance transmission Examples of devices using power electronics (FACTS – Flexible AC Transmission System): • Universal Power Flow Contoller: does reactive power compensation and flow control • DVAR (Dynamic VAr): Mobile device. Provides voltage support and improves power quality • MV SVR: Boosts load voltage during source voltage sags caused by faults in the utility distribution grid or in the transmission system • Static VAr Compensator: Most important and most prevalent device. Improves transmission line efficiency by resolving dynamic voltage problems

25. Advanced Components – Current Research • Superconductivity • First Generation Wire • High-temperature Superconductor (HTS) Cable • 2G Wire (5-10 years development required) • DER – small capacity – 3 to 10000 KW power generation, located close to where energy is used. • Distributed Generation– Wind, Solar PV, Fuel Cells and Microturbines. DER: Distributed Storage: • NaS battery • Vanadium Redox battery • Ultra-capacitors • Composite conductors: allows doubling of amperage limits without modifications to line support or towers. • Aluminum conductor composite core cable • Aluminum conductor composite reinforced cable • Annealed aluminum, steel supported, trapezoid cross section conductor wire • Grid-friendly appliances – that can be switched off or on to modulate load during system disturbances.

26. Advanced Components – Role of Plug-in Hybrid EVs (PHEV) • According to NREL’s research, the following are the benefits of PHEVs: • Significant reduction in oil consumption • Utilities can control the time at which PHEVs are recharged. Say, overnight when the demand is low • PHEVs can be used to store energy that can be used in periods of extreme demand or system emergencies.

27. Advanced Control Methods (ACM) • ACM refers to the devices and algorithms that analyze the current state of the grid and predict fault conditions. • ACM may also take automatic corrective actions to prevent outages and power quality disturbances • Currently deployed ACM have a local scope and do not have a system-wide perspective • ACM relies on three areas: • Distributed Intelligent Agents – semi-autonomous entities that respond to local conditions rapidly. E.g. Energy Management Systems • Analytical Tools such as Phasor Measurement Analyzer, System Performance Monitoring, Simulation and Prediction • Operational Applications such as SA, DA and DR

28. Advanced Control Methods - Future • ACM will process real-time information received from Low cost Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) • PMUs integrated with GPS time signals will be deployed to provide the grid status, and will enable prediction of grid instabilities • System diagnosis at local, regional and system-wide levels • Advanced Data Analysis will help in load forecasting, risk analysis, planning and maintenance • Take autonomous actions when appropriate or present data to human operators

29. Integrated Interfaces and Decision Support (IIDS) • IIDS helps present complex smart grid data in a simple manner and not let operators feel swamped by data overload. • IIDS enables operators to analyze the state of the grid and predict issues rapidly • Techniques include animation, colour contouring and virtual reality • Currently, the required amount and quality of data is not available • Research being done in the area of visualization • Progress mostly happening in the area of transmission

30. Integrated Interfaces and Decision Support - Future • IIDS will enable operators at generation, distribution, transmission levels to get a better understanding of the state of the grid. • Improved information sharing among uses via integration with enterprise-wide technologies such as: • GIS • Weather forecasting • Work management system and • Asset management processes

31. Overview of existing electricity grid Benefits of the smart grid Components of the smart grid Smart grid players – participating companies

32. Cisco • Aiming to be a one-stop shop for end-to-end distribution and transmission secure communication infrastructure • Offer Cisco’s data center portfolio to enable data collection and storage for smart grid data analysis and optimization • Software for centralized management and control – distribution management, automated metering infrastructure, GIS, asset management etc. • Partnering with smart meters and other smart grid device vendors to create an ecosystem that utilities have multiple options • Has announced a building energy management software product called EnergyWise: • integrated platform for monitoring and controlling energy usage of computers, phones, HVAC, lighting etc. • leverages capabilities of products from partner companies: • Computer power management from Verdiem • Network management software from SolarWinds • Building controls from Schneider Electric.

33. IBM • Aims to be the system integrator for smart grid infrastructure • Formed the Global Intelligent Utility Network – an alliance of innovative utilities • Goals of the alliance – optimize usage of wind energy, energy efficiency and reliability. • The alliance helps share experiences and best practices. • The alliance has also created a Smart Grid maturity model

34. GE • Smart appliances such as washing machines and dryers that can respond to Demand Response commands • Smart HomeEnergy Manager – a device to link smart appliances • Smart meters, smart thermostats, grid sensors, wind turbines and energy storage

35. Google • Google PowerMeter software: • enables access to home energy usage information from any computer/mobile • Tracks historical data and predicts future trends • Google working with utilities and smart energy meter manufacturers to interoperate with PowerMeter. • Not a big player in Smart Grid currently but a company to watch.

36. Other Key Players – Smart Meters

37. Other Key Players – Smart Meters

38. Key Players in Smart Grid – Networks

39. Other Key Players - Utilities • Southern California Edison – • installing computerized systems to ensure a more rapid, accurate, automated response to grid problems • Replacing legacy electro-mechanical devices with digital ones for increased efficiency and reliability • Installing advanced sensors and control systems to respond to stress rapidly. • SmartConnect program to install 5 million smart meters. The smart meters • PG&E • Over 5 million smart meters installed • XCel Energy • SmartGridCity initiative in Boulder, CO. • Adding green energy to the mix • Deploying smart meters and smart devices in homes • Digitally enhanced and resilient energy grid

40. Other Key Players - Utilities • Austin Energy • Smart Grid intiative called Pecan Street Project • Involves deployment of 500,000 smart devices and 410,000 smart meters • On the network side, 3000 computers and network devices and 2500 sensors • Sempra Energy • 1.4 smart meters in San Diego region by 2011 • Smart Grid demonstration funded by the Dept of Energy and California Energy Commission: • Incorporated solar power generators on homes and small businesses. • Coordinated new peak load management technology. • Improve overall power quality. • Leveraged smart meters. • Integrated and remotely control distributed generation storage devices to allow access to electricity in emergencies. • Oncor • Won a $7.3 million Federal grant for demonstrating Dynamic Line Rating (DLR). • The DLR demo will showcase monitoring technology to reduce transmission-line congestion and increase the carrying capacity of the transmission lines.

41. Thank You!