1.2.2.3 Desafios do Século XXI

1. 1.2.2.3 Desafios do Século XXI

2. 11/09 Muda tudo (?)

3. Invasão do Afeganistão

4. Doutrina Bush: Ataque Preventivo e a Guerra contra o “terror” ?

5. Invasão do Iraque de 2003 sem autorização do Conselho de Segurança • A

6. EUA, Reino Unido, Itália, Polônia, Holanda, Austrália e outros aliados cometeram Crime de Guerra de Agressão • War of aggression • The International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg held following World War II that the waging of a war of aggression is: • "essentially an evil thing...to initiate a war of aggression...is not only an international crime; it is the supreme international crime, differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole.” • In an interview given on August 25, 2006, Ferencz stated that not only Saddam Hussein should be tried, but also George W. Bush because the Iraq War had been begun by the U.S. without permission by the UN Security Council.Benjamin B. Ferencz wrote the foreword for Michael Haas's book, George W. Bush, War Criminal?: The Bush Administration's Liability for 269 War Crimes. Ferencz elaborated as follows: "a prima facie case can be made that the United States is guilty of the supreme crime against humanity, that being an illegal war of aggression against a sovereign nation.” "The United Nations charter has a provision which was agreed to by the United States, formulated by the United States, in fact, after World War II. It says that from now on, no nation can use armed force without the permission of the U.N. Security Council. • The invasion of Iraq was neither in self-defense against armed attack nor sanctioned by UN Security Council resolution authorizing the use of force by member states and thus constituted the crime of war of aggression, according to the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) in Geneva.A "war waged without a clear mandate from the United Nations Security Council would constitute a flagrant violation of the prohibition of the use of force.” We note with “deep dismay that a small number of states are poised to launch an outright illegal invasion of Iraq, which amounts to a war of aggression.”

7. “Libertação” do Iraque • A

8. TERRORISMO DE ESTADO

9. Convenção Internacional contra recrutamento, uso ou treinamento de mercenários • Definition of a mercenary: • 1. A mercenary is any person who: • (a) Is specially recruited locally or abroad in order to fight in an armed conflict; • (b) Is motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a party to the conflict, material compensation substantially in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar rank and functions in the armed forces of that party; • (c) Is neither a national of a party to the conflict nor a resident of territory controlled by a party to the conflict; • (d) Is not a member of the armed forces of a party to the conflict; and • (e) Has not been sent by a State which is not a party to the conflict on official duty as a member of its armed forces. • 2. A mercenary is also any person who, in any other situation: • (a) Is specially recruited locally or abroad for the purpose of participating in a concerted act of violence aimed at: • (i) Overthrowing a Government or otherwise undermining the constitutional order of a State; or • (ii) Undermining the territorial integrity of a State; • (b) Is motivated to take part therein essentially by the desire for significant private gain and is prompted by the promise or payment of material compensation; • (c) Is neither a national nor a resident of the State against which such an act is directed; • (d) Has not been sent by a State on official duty; and • (e) Is not a member of the armed forces of the State on whose territory the act is undertaken.

10. Peter: Ground Zero. So this is where the first guy got AIDS. • Brian: Peter, this is the sight of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. • Peter: Oh, so Saddam Hussein did this? • Brian: No. • Peter: The Iraqi Army? • Brian: No. • Peter: Some guys from Iraq? • Brian: No. • Peter: That one lady who visited Iraq that one time? • Brian: No, Peter, Iraq had nothing to do with this. It was a bunch of Saudi Arabians, Lebanese and Egyptians, financed by a Saudi Arabian guy living in Afghanistan and sheltered by Pakistanis. • Peter: So, you’re saying we need to invade Iran? Family Guy, episode 7.04 “Baby Not on Board”

11. TEMAS & PROBLEMAS DO DIREITO INTERNACIONAL Imperialismo dos Estados Unidos: Dominar o sistema ou ser o sistema?

12. Intervenções dos Estados Unidos na soberania de outros países 1816-18 -- Spanish Florida - First Seminole War.1846-48 -- Mexican-American War After the annexation of Texas in 1845, the United States and Mexico failed to resolve a boundary dispute and President Polk said that it was necessary to deploy forces in Mexico to meet a threatened invasion, which later was proven to be a conspiracy to take over the territory. On May 13,1846, declared war with Mexico..( Manifest Destiny. )1853 - 57 -- Nicaragua.1898 -- Spanish-American War On April 25, 1898, the United States declared war with Spain. The war followed a Cuban insurrection, the Cuban War of Independence against Spanish rule and the sinking of the USS Maine in the harbor at Havana. U.S. Navy commission will conclude that the explosion was probably an accident.) The war enables the U.S. to occupy Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines1899-1913 -- Philippine Islands. Philippine-American War US forces protected American interests following the war with Spain, defeating rebellious Filipinos seeking immediate national independence. The U.S. government declared the “insurgency” officially over in 1903-14 -- Panama.(Canal)1903 The Platt Amendment inserted into the Cuban constitution grants the U.S. the right to intervene when it sees fit. 1903 When negotiations with Colombia break down, the U.S. sends ten warships to back a rebellion in Panama in order to acquire the land for the Panama Canal. The Frenchman Philippe Bunau-Varilla negotiates the Canal Treaty and writes Panama's constitution1908 U.S. troops intervene in Panama for first of 4 times in next decade.1909 EUA derrubam o presidente da Nicarágua e colocam tesoureiro de empresa americana na presidência

13. 1911 EU derrubam governo de Honduras e colocam um presidente aliado1912-41 – China1914-17 -- Mexico U.S. bombs and then occupies Vera Cruz, in a conflict arising out of a dispute with Mexico's new government. President Victoriano Huerta resigns (Pancho Villa)1915-34 – Haiti. U.S. Marines occupy Haiti to restore order, and establish a protectorate which lasts till 1934. The president of Haiti is barred from the U.S. Officers' Club in Port-au-Prince, because he is black1917-22 Marines intervene again in Cuba, to guarantee sugar exports during WWI.1917-18 -- World War I1921 President Coolidge strongly suggests the overthrow of Guatemalan President Carlos Herrera, in the interests of United Fruit. 1930 Rafael Leonidas Trujillo emerges from the U.S.-trained National Guard to become dictator of the Dominican Republic1934 Sandino assassinated by agents of Somoza, with U.S. approval. Somoza assumes the presidency of Nicaragua two years later. To block his ascent, Secretary of State Cordell Hull explains, would be to intervene in the internal affairs of Nicaragua.1941-45 -- World War II1950-53 -- Korean War1950-55 -- Formosa (Taiwan).1953 Iran In 1953, the CIA worked with the United Kingdom to overthrow the democratically-elected government of Iran lead by Prime MinisterMohammad Mossadegh who had attempted to nationalize Iran's oil, threatening the interests of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Declassified CIA documents show that Britain was fearful of Iran's plans to nationalize its oil industry and pressed the U.S. to mount a joint operation to remove the prime minister.With help from British intelligence, the CIA planned, funded and implemented Operation Ajax.[7] The U.K. and U.S. boycott and other political pressures by both governments, together with a massive covert propaganda campaign in the months leading up to the coup created the environment necessary for success. The CIA hoped to plant articles in American newspapers saying that Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi's return to govern Iran resulted from a homegrown revolt against a Communist-leaning government. This attempt to manipulate the U.S. media largely failed, although the C.I.A. successfully used its contacts at the Associated Press to put on the news wire a statement from Tehran about royal decrees that the C.I.A. itself had written.[8] The CIA hired Iranian assets who posed as Communists, harassed religious leaders and staged the bombing of one cleric's home to turn the Islamic religious community against the government. The Shah was one of the most brutal dictators of his era 1954 – Golpe na Guatemala

14. 1959-75 -- Vietnam War. US military advisers had been in South Vietnam for a decade, and their numbers had been increased as the military position of the Saigon government became weaker. After citing what he termed were attacks on US destroyers in the Tonkin Gulf, President Johnson asked in August 1964 for a resolution expressing US determination to support freedom and protect peace in Southeast Asia. Congress responded with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, expressing support for "all necessary measures" the President might take to repel armed attacks against US forces and prevent further aggression. Following this resolution, and following a Communist attack on a US installation in central Vietnam, the United States escalated its participation in the war to a peak of 543,000 military personnel by April 19691960 Eisenhower authorizes covert actions to get rid of Castro. Among other things, the CIA tries assassinating him with exploding cigars and poisoned milkshakes. Other covert actions against Cuba include burning sugar fields, blowing up boats in Cuban harbors, and sabotaging industrial equipment.1961 Golpe em Cuba (baia dos porcos, The largest and most complicated CIA-led coup effort was the Bay of Pigs operation where CIA trained Cuban anti-communistmercenaries landed in Cuba to help overthrow the revolutionary government of Fidel Castro. The CIA made many attempts to assassinate Castro. Recently de-classified documents show in written confirmation that President Kennedy had officially denied the CIA authorization to invadeed. President Kennedy, despite the CIA's objections, moved the landing site to the Bay of Pigs area. CIA Chief of Operations, Richard Bissell, had chosen this site wisely for the above reasons, but the President, upholding plausible deniability, insisted it be moved. The cancellation of the air strikes, the change of the landing site, and ultimately, the lack of U.S. air cover and support during the invasion, sealed the fate of the mission and the lives of many of the men of the invasion force 1961 CIA involvement in the assassination of Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

15. 1962 -- Cuba. CubanMissileCrisis On October 22, President Kennedy instituted a "quarantine" on the shipment of offensivemissiles to Cuba from the SovietUnion. He alsowarnedSovietUnionthat the launching of anymissilefrom Cuba againstnations in the Western Hemispherewouldbringabout US nuclear retaliation on the SovietUnion. A negotiatedsettlementwasachieved in a fewdays1962 CIA engages in campaign in Brazil to keep JoãoGoulart from achieving control of Congress.1963 – Golpe no Iraque, Republica Dominicana, Guatemala1964 JoãoGoulart of Brazil proposes agrarian reform, nationalization of oil. Ousted by U.S.-supported military coup. 1968 Golpe no Iraque1968 -- Laos & Cambodia. U.S. starts secretbombingcampaign1970s Operation Condor, Latin America 1971 -- Indiansubcontinent. USA sends its nuclear aircraftcarrierUSS Enterprise to the IndianOcean to try and threaten the IndianMilitary to backdownfrom the Bangladesh LiberationWar. The move backfires as Indiaintensifies its attempt to liberateEastPakistanending in the swiftdefeat of Pakistan, anally of USA1973 U.S.-supported military coup kills Allende and brings Augusto Pinochet Ugarte to power. Pinochet imprisons well over a hundred thousand Chileans (torture and rape are the usual methods of interrogation), terminates civil liberties, abolishes unions, extends the work week to 48 hours, and reverses Allende's land reforms. 1973 Military takes power in Uruguay, supported by U.S. The subsequent repression reportedly features the world's highest percentage of the population imprisoned for political reasons.1973 Afghanistan CIA beganofferingcovertbacking to Islamic radical rebels in Afghanistanpremised on the claimthat the right-wing, authoritariangovernmentheadedbyMohammedDaoud Khan, might prove a likelyinstrument of Sovietmilitaryaggression in Asia1979–1989 Mujahideen vs. USSR in Afghanistan1980 Iran students in Iran revealed a 1980 memorandumfromU.S.NationalSecurityAdviser Zbigniew Brzezinski to Secretary of StateCyrusVancerecommending the "destabilization" of the IraniangovernmentbyusingIran'sneighbors.[46] The U.S.hasdeniedthat it gaveIraq a "green light" for its September 22, 1980invasion of Iran, butevidencesuggeststhat it didjustthat. The administrations of Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush authorized the sale to Iraq of numerousitemsthathadbothmilitary and civilian applications, includingpoisonouschemicals and deadlybiologicalviruses, such as anthrax and bubonicplague1981-90: Nicaragua CIA directs exile (Contra) revolution, plantsharbor mines and sinkcivilanships to overthrow the democratically-electedSandinistagovernment of Nicaragua. After the Boland Amendmentwasenacted, it becameillegalunderU.S.law to fund the Contras; NationalSecurityAdviserRobert MacFarlan, DeputyNationalSecurityAdviserAdmiralPoindexter, NationalSecurityCouncilstaffer Col. Oliver North and otherscontinuedanillegaloperation to fund the Contras, leading to the Iran-Contrascandal.1980 -- Iran. OperationEagleClaw On April 26, 1980, President Carter reported the use of six US transport planes and eighthelicopters in anunsuccessfulattempt to rescueAmericanhostagesbeingheld in Iran1981 The CIA steps in to organize the contras in Nicaragua, who started the previous year as a group of 60 ex-National Guardsmen; by 1985 there are about 12,000 of them. 46 of the 48 top military leaders are ex-Guardsmen. The U.S. also sets up an economic embargo of Nicaragua and pressures the IMF and the World Bank to limit or halt loans to Nicaragua.1983 -- Grenada. Citing the increasedthreat of Soviet and Cubaninfluence and noting the development of an international airportfollowing a bloodlessGrenadacoup d'etat and alignment with the Soviets and Cuba, the U.S.launchesOperationUrgentFury to invade the sovereignislandnation of Grenada

16. 1983 Golpe na Guatemala 1984 CIA mines three Nicaraguan harbors. Nicaragua takes this action to the World Court, which brings an $18 billion judgment against the U.S. The U.S. refuses to recognize the Court's jurisdiction in the case.1986 -- Libya. Operation El Dorado Canyon On April 16, 1986, President Reagan reported that U.S. air and naval forces had conducted bombing strikes on terrorist facilities and military installations in the Libyan capitol of Tripoli, 1988 -- USS Vincennes shoot down of Iran Air Flight 655 1989 -- Libya. Second Gulf of Sidra Incident On January 4, 1989, two US Navy F-14 aircraft based on the USS John F. Kennedy shot down two Libyan jet fighters over the Mediterranean Sea about 70 miles north of Libya. The US pilots said the Libyan planes had demonstrated hostile intentions1989 U.S. invades Panama to dislodge CIA boy gone wrong Manuel Noriega, an event which marks the evolution of the U.S.'s favorite excuse from Communism to drugs.1991 -- Iraq. Persian Gulf War On January 16 America attacked Iraqi forces and military targets in Iraq and Kuwait, in conjunction with a coalition of allies and UN Security Council resolutions1991 -- Iraq. On May 17, 1991, President Bush stated that the Iraqi repression of the Kurdish people had necessitated a limited introduction of US forces into northern Iraq for emergency relief purposes1992-2003 -- Iraq. Iraqi No-Fly Zones The U.S. together with the United Kingdom declares and enforces "no fly zones" over the majority of sovereign Iraqi airspace, prohibiting Iraqi flights in zones in southern Iraq and northern Iraq, and conducting aerial reconnaissance and bombings1993-Present -- Bosnia-Herzegovina1993-95 -- Haiti. Operation Uphold Democracy US ships had begun embargo against Haiti. Up to 20,000 US military troops were later deployed to Haiti1998 -- Iraq. US-led bombing campaign against Iraq1998 -- Afghanistan and Sudan. Operation Infinite Reach On August 20th, air strikes were used against two suspected terrorist training camps in Afghanistan and a suspected chemical factory in Sudan2001 -- Afghanistan. US invasion of Afghanistan. The War on Terrorism begins with Operation Enduring Freedom. On October 7, 2001, US Armed Forces "began combat action in Afghanistan against Al Qaida terrorists and their Taliban supporters2002 -- Yemen. On November 3, 2002, an American RQ-1 Predator fired a Hellfire missile at a car in Yemen killing Qaed Senyan al-Harthi, an al-Qaeda leader thought to be responsible for the USS Cole bombing2002 -- Venezuela. CIA-backed and U.S. State Department-approved coup against democratically-elected President Hugo Chávez

17. 2003 -- 2003 invasion of IraqSecond Persian Gulf War. March 20, 2003. The United States leads a coalition that includes Britain, to invade Iraq with the stated goal of eliminating Iraqi weapons of mass destruction2003 Libya in 2003 disarmed its weapons of mass destruction arsenal due to fear of U.S. regime change 2003 A secret Donald Rumsfeld memorandum calling for regime change in North Korea was leaked in 20032003 There are allegations from Russia that the United States supported the Rose Revolution, which installed a democratic government in Georgia, 2004 -- 2004 Haïti rebellion occurs Haiti. U.S. Support for ousting of Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The U.S. government also threatened action against Jamaica if Jamaica were to provide residence to Aristide. 2004 -- El Salvador. Interference in Salvadoran presidential election.[citation needed] US threatened to take reprisals if the country would elect the socialist candidate Schafik Handal 2004 There are allegations from Russia that the United States supported the Orange revolution, which installed a democratic government in UkrainrLebanon 2005 The Cedar Revolution is claimed to have been supported by the US Palestinian Authority, 2006 2006-2007 Somalia CIA began a program of funding a coalition of anti-Islamic warlords.[72] This involved the support of CIA case workers operating out of the Nairobi, Kenya office funneling payments of hundreds of thousands of dollars to the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism. As the power balance shifted towards this alliance, the CIA program backfired and the militias of the Islamic Court Union (ICU) gained control of the country.2007 Iran S. officials have been secretly encouraging and advising a Pakistani Balochi militant group named Jundullah that is responsible for a series of deadly guerrilla raids inside Iran] Iran 2007 a

18. O Acordo de paz da Guerra Fria estabelecido entre Reagan e Gorbachev determinava que nenhuma parte avançaria sobre a zona de influência da outra. Contudo, os mandatos Bush (EUA) exploraram o medo dos vizinhos contra a Rússia para fechar o cerco. A OTAN apoiou a mudança de regimes de governos em países que eram do Pacto de Varsóvia mas que passaram a servir de base para o ocidente. Essas mudanças foram chamadas de Revoluções das Cores.

19. EUA financiam ONGs e “sociedade civil organizada” para que defendam seus interesses em outros países. (Paradiplomacia)

20. Em 2008, no auge das eleições americanas, a Georgia atacou a tropas de paz da Rússia na Ossétia do Sul. A Rússia respondeu com força e velocidade e tomou a Ossétia e a Abkhazia

21. A expansão da OTAN e o cerco à Rússia estagnaram com Obama, especialmente no que se refere ao cinturão de bases nucleares em torno da Rússia. Esse foi, provavelmente, o fator determinante para o Nobel. Agora a Guerra Fria militar é contra a outro bloco; A Organização para Cooperação de Shanghai.