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Restoration Period and the 18 th Century (1660-1798)

Restoration Period and the 18 th Century (1660-1798). Monarchy. Charles II—marked beginning of Restoration Period Exiled to Europe—invited back after Oliver Cromwell’s death Set the tone of upper-class social & political life

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Restoration Period and the 18 th Century (1660-1798)

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  1. Restoration Period and the 18th Century(1660-1798)

  2. Monarchy • Charles II—marked beginning of Restoration Period • Exiled to Europe—invited back after Oliver Cromwell’s death • Set the tone of upper-class social & political life • Tried to emulate the sophistication & splendor of Louis XIV’s court in France • Reestablished Church of England • Parliament—shared power with Monarchy

  3. Disasters • Great Plague—1665 • Last major outbreak of bubonic plague • Killed an estimated 100,000 people (20% of London’s population) • Great Fire of London—1666 • Uncontrolled fire that lasted for 3 days in central London • Destroyed over 13,000 homes and numerous government buildings • Few deaths recorded

  4. Political Parties • Tories • Supported royal authority • Did not want war with France • Whigs • Wanted to limit royal authority with wealthy merchants and nobles • Wanted to limit French expansion in Europe and North America

  5. Other Royalty • House of Stuart • English Bill of Rights—put specific limits on royal authority • William • Tried to oppose Louis XIV with Whig support • Began series of war with France • Act of Settlement—Parliament law that permanently barred Catholics from throne • Anne—last monarch in House of Stuart • Faithfully ruler who united Scotland & England

  6. Other Royalty (continued) • House of Hanover (Germany) • Disliked by Tories • George II instituted 1st official prime minister • Seven Years’ War with France • Britain acquired Canada • George III wanted more control • Angered many due to thirst for power • Lost American colonies due to political blunders

  7. The Age of Reason & Enlightenment • People began to use scientific reasoning to understand the world • Apply reason so people could understand the natural causes of events • Scientific Method • Developed by Sir Isaac Newton • Still used today • Analyze facts • Develop a hypothesis • Test the hypothesis with experimentation

  8. Enlightenment Philosophies • Inspired by Newton’s discoveries • John Locke • Encouraged people to use their intelligence to rid themselves of unjust authorities • Rejected divine right of kings • Asserted the rights of citizens to revolt against unfair government

  9. Living Well • Improvement in living conditions • Development of smallpox vaccine • Wealthy aristocrats built lavish estates with beautiful lawns & gardens • Spacious new streets & squares in London • Coffeehouses • Gathering places for writers, artists, politicians & other members of society

  10. Women • Wanted to be educated equally as men • Wanted to be allowed to join professions to strengthen relationship between the sexes • Salons • Private gathering places where women could participate in the nation’s intellectual life

  11. Industrial Revolution • Period of major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology • Affected almost every aspect of daily life • Income and population grew • Living conditions differed greatly

  12. Improvements in Industry • Machine Operations • Iron making techniques • Introduction of canals along with improved roads and railways • Steam power fueled by coal • Gas lighting • Printing • Chemicals

  13. Literature of the Times • Social Observers • Middle class grew and prospered • Ordinary men & women had more money, leisure activities, and educational opportunities • New audience willing to read and pay for literature who wanted literature to be written in a clear language that they could understand

  14. Journalism • Newspapers flourished—restrictions were eased • The Tatler & The Spectator • Satisfied middle-class appetite for instruction & amusement • Newspapers gave opinions on everything from social manners to international politics and did not report current events

  15. More Literature • Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Dafoe • England’s 1st novel • Written in style that appealed to the masses • Novels written in forms of letters & diaries • Samuel Pepys • “The Diary of Samuel Pepys” • Real life diary that provide a glimpse of life during the times

  16. Satirical Voices • Satire was used to point out aspects of society that others felt needed to be changed • Aimed at the elite class • Neoclassicism • Modeled on the works of Ancient Greece & Rome • Stressed balance, order, logic, and emotional restraint • Focused on society and human intellect • Avoided personal feelings

  17. Authors of Satire • Alexander Pope—wrote poetry that poked fun at ladies of high society • “The Rape of the Lock”—mock epic • Jonathan Swift—savagely attacked educators, politicians, churchmen & others that he saw as corrupt • “A Modest Proposal”

  18. Literature Evolving • Types of literature that evolved • Biographies • History • Philosophy • Politics • Economics • Natural History • Poets began writing simpler, freer lyrics on subjects close to the human heart which led to the Romantic period

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