Managing Quality in Operations: Strategies for Improvement and Excellence

1. Operations Management Chapter 6 – Managing Quality PowerPoint presentation to accompany Heizer/Render Principles of Operations Management, 6e Operations Management, 8e © 2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

2. Sales Gains • Improved response • Higher Prices • Improved reputation Improved Quality Increased Profits Reduced Costs • Increased productivity • Lower rework and scrap costs • Lower warranty costs Ways Quality Improves Productivity Figure 6.1

3. Defining Quality The totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs American Society for Quality

4. Malcom Baldrige National Quality Award • Established in 1988 by the U.S. government • Designed to promote TQM practices • http://www.quality.nist.gov/

5. International Quality Standards • To do business globally, being listed on an ISO directory is crucial • ISO 9000 • Organizations must go through a 9 to 18 month process involving documenting procedures, on-site assessment, and ongoing product/service audits • ISO 14000 series • An environmental management standard which focuses on pollution prevention and ecological impact

6. TQM Encompasses entire organization, from supplier to customer Stresses a commitment by management to have a continuing, companywide drive toward excellence in all aspects of products and services that are important to the customer

7. Seven Concepts of TQM • Continuous improvement • Six Sigma • Employee empowerment • Benchmarking • Just-in-time (JIT) • Taguchi concepts • Knowledge of TQM tools

8. Continuous Improvement • Represents continual improvement of all processes • Involves all operations and work centers including suppliers and customers • People, Equipment, Materials, Procedures

9. Six Sigma • Originally developed by Motorola, Six Sigma refers to an extremely high measure of process capability • A Six Sigma capable process will return no more than 3.4 defects per million operations (DPMO) • Highly structured approach to process improvement

10. Six Sigma Implementation • Emphasize DPMO as a standard metric • Provide extensive training • Focus on corporate sponsor support (Champions) • Create qualified process improvement experts (Black Belts, Green Belts, etc.) • Set stretch objectives This cannot be accomplished without a major commitment from top level management

11. Employee Empowerment • Getting employees involved in product and process improvements • 85% of quality problems are due to process and material • Techniques • Build communication networks that include employees • Develop open, supportive supervisors • Move responsibility to employees • Build a high-morale organization • Create formal team structures

12. Quality Circles • Group of employees who meet regularly to solve problems • Trained in planning, problem solving, and statistical methods • Often led by a facilitator • Very effective when done properly

13. Benchmarking Selecting best practices to use as a standard for performance Use internal benchmarking if you’re big enough • Determine what to benchmark • Form a benchmark team • Identify benchmarking partners • Collect and analyze benchmarking information • Take action to match or exceed the benchmark

14. Best Practices for Resolving Customer Complaints • Make it easy for clients to complain • Respond quickly to complaints • Resolve complaints on first contact • Use computers to manage complaints • Recruit the best for customer service jobs

15. Just-in-Time (JIT) • ‘Pull’ system of production scheduling including supply management • Production only when signaled • Allows reduced inventory levels • Inventory costs money and hides process and material problems • Encourages improved process and product quality

16. Taguchi Concepts • Experimental design methods to improve product and process design • Uses Robust Design method • Plan for the worst conditions and design quality around the worst conditions • Example: Grocery Stores and coming Hurricane (design store to handle the traffic associated with this worst condition)

17. Tools of TQM • Tools for Generating Ideas • Check sheets • Scatter diagrams • Cause and effect diagrams • Tools to Organize the Data • Pareto charts • Flow charts • Tools for Identifying Problems • Histogram • Statistical process control chart

18. Seven Tools for TQM (a) Check Sheet: An organized method of recording data / / / / /// / // /// // //// /// // / Hour Defect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A B C / / // / Figure 6.5

19. Productivity Absenteeism Seven Tools for TQM (b) Scatter Diagram: A graph of the value of one variable vs. another variable Figure 6.5

20. Cause Materials Methods Effect Manpower Machinery Seven Tools for TQM (c) Cause and Effect Diagram: A tool that identifies process elements (causes) that might effect an outcome Figure 6.5

21. Machinery Material Insufficient clean pillows & blankets on-board Deicing equipment not available Inadequate supply of magazines Mechanical delay on plane Broken luggage carousel Inadequate special meals on-board Dissatisfied Airline Customer Understaffed crew Overbooking policies Understaffed ticket counters Bumping policies Poor check-in policies Poorly trained attendants Mistagged bags Manpower Methods Cause-and-Effect Diagrams Figure 6.6

22. Percent Frequency A B C D E Seven Tools for TQM (d) Pareto Charts: A graph to identify and plot problems or defects in descending order of frequency Figure 6.5

23. Data for October 70 – 60 – 50 – 40 – 30 – 20 – 10 – 0 – – 100 – 93 – 88 – 72 54 Frequency (number) Number of occurrences Cumulative percent 12 4 3 2 Room svc Check-in Pool hours Minibar Misc. 72% 16% 5% 4% 3% Causes and percent Pareto Charts

24. Seven Tools for TQM (e) Flow Charts (Process Diagrams): A chart that describes the steps in a process Figure 6.5

25. Sealing Weighing Labeling Quick freeze storage (60 Mins) Packing station Storage (4 to 6 hrs) Shipping dock Flow Charts Packing and shipping process

26. Distribution Frequency Repair time (minutes) Seven Tools for TQM (f) Histogram: A distribution showing the frequency of occurrence of a variable Figure 6.5

27. Upper control limit Target value Lower control limit Time Seven Tools for TQM (g) Statistical Process Control Chart: A chart with time on the horizontal axis to plot values of a statistic Figure 6.5

28. Statistical Process Control (SPC) • Uses statistics and control charts to tell when to take corrective action • Drives process improvement

29. Inspection • Involves examining items to see if an item is good or defective • Detect a defective product • Does not correct deficiencies in process or product • It is expensive • Issues • When to inspect • Where in process to inspect

30. Service Industry Inspection Table 6.4

31. TQM In Services • Service quality is more difficult to measure than the quality of goods • Service quality perceptions depend on • Intangible differences between products • Intangible expectations customers have of those products

32. Service Specsat UPS

33. Determinants of Service Quality • Reliability • Responsiveness • Competence • Access • Courtesy • Communication • Credibility • Security • Understanding/ knowing the customer • Tangibles