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Properties of Waves

Properties of Waves. Chapter 12 Section 3. What Is A Wave?. Ripple waves in water are formed by the vibrations of water molecules. As the vibration waves spread outward to more molecules, the waves travel outward. A wave is considered to be the motion of disturbance.

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Properties of Waves

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  1. Properties of Waves Chapter 12 Section 3

  2. What Is A Wave? • Ripple waves in water are formed by the vibrations of water molecules. • As the vibration waves spread outward to more molecules, the waves travel outward. • A wave is considered to be the motion of disturbance. • Particles within the wave vibrate around and equilibrium position.

  3. Medium • Medium – Material through which a disturbance travels. • In order for a wave to form, it needs a medium which provides the particles that vibrate. • The medium does not travel with the wave • After the wave passes, the particles return to their equilibrium position. • Examples: • Sound: The medium is air • Ocean Waves: The medium is water

  4. Mechanical Waves • Mechanical Waves – A wave whose propagation requires the existence of a medium. • Not all wave propagation requires a medium • Electromagnetic waves

  5. Wave Types • Pulse Wave – A single non-periodic disturbance. • A wave that consist of a single traveling pulse. • Periodic Wave – A wave whose source is some form of periodic Motion. • A wave that consist of multiple traveling pulses.

  6. Sine Waves • If the source of the wave is in simple harmonic motion, then the wave mimics harmonic motion as well. • A wave that is vibrating in simple harmonic motion is called a sine wave. • A graph of a trigonometric function produces this curve when plotted. • y = sin x

  7. Transverse Wave • Transverse Wave – A wave whose particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. • The particles vibrate up and down as the wave moves from left to right or vise versa. • Examples: • Electromagnetic waves • Ocean waves • Wave traveling through a rope

  8. Graphing • Waveform – A waveform can represent either the displacements of each point of the wave at a single moment in time or the displacements of a single particle as time passes. • Trigonometric function of sine represents the wave.

  9. Graphing • The x-axis represents the equilibrium position of the wave. • The y-axis of the curve represents the displacement of each point on the wave at time (t).

  10. Describing a Wave • Crest – The highest point above the equilibrium position. • Trough – The lowest point below the equilibrium position. • Wavelength – The distance between two adjacent similar points of the wave, such as crest to crest or trough to trough. • Variable for wavelength – λ(Greek letter – Lamda) • Amplitude – The point at which the displacement is its maximum distance away from the equilibrium position.

  11. Transverse Wave Diagram y Wave Length λ Crest Amplitude Equilibrium Position Displacement x Amplitude Trough

  12. Longitudinal Waves • Longitudinal Waves – A wave whose particles vibrate parallel to the direction of wave motion. • The particles vibrate in the same direction as the direction of the wave. • Often called density waves or pressure waves • Crest are high density • Trough are low density • Examples: • Sound Waves • Earthquakes

  13. Longitudinal Wave Diagram Stretched Compression Longitudinal Wave crest Density Equilibrium trough

  14. Transverse Waves vs. Longitudinal Waves • Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to the direction of the wave propagation. • Light Waves • Longitudinal waves oscillate parallel to the direction of the wave propagation. • Sound Waves Link: • Transverse and Longitudinal Wave Animation

  15. Period and Frequency • Frequency describes the number of crest or troughs that pass a given point in a unit of time. • Period of a wave is the amount of time required for one complete vibration of particles or one wavelength.

  16. Speed of a Wave • The speed of a wave can be found through the waves frequency and wavelength. • The equation is derived through the linear kinematic equation for velocity.

  17. Speed of a Wave Equation • The speed of a mechanical wave remains constant for any given medium. • If the frequency increases, the wavelength must decrease. • Speed only changes if the medium changes.

  18. Example Problem • A 2640 Hz whistle produces sound waves that have a wavelength of 50.0 cm in water. What is the speed of sound in the water?

  19. Example Problem Answer • v = 1320 m/s

  20. Energy and Waves • The energy is transferred by the motion of the matter rather than by transferring matter itself. • Energy is transferred very efficiently in a wave. • Examples: • Tsunamis • Sound • Earthquake • Greater the amplitude, greater the energy

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