Rationalism

1. Rationalism Sarah Cutcliff, Matt Everett, Will Mifflin

2. Authors • Benjamin Franklin • Thomas Jefferson • Thomas Paine • Patrick Henry

3. Benjamin Franklin • Worked as printer from teens till retirement • Opening a print shop in Philadelphia gave birth to his most popular and enduring contribution to American culture, "Poor Richards Almanack". • The almanac included information, observations, and advice and was popular with readers of the day. • Franklin wrote the almanac under the name Richard Saunders and wife Bridget. Poor Richard's early appearances present him as a dull and foolish astronomer, his character developed over the years, becoming more thoughtful, pious, and humorous.

4. Benjamin Franklin • Franklin is responsible for inventing the lightning rod, bifocals, and a new type of stove: confirming the laws of electricity and contributing to scientific understanding of earthquakes and ocean currents. • He played an important role in drafting the Declaration of Independence, enlisting French support during Revolutionary war, negotiating peace treaty with Britain, and drafting Constitution. Ambassador to England and France. Before Washington, Franklin was considered father of our country.

5. Thomas Jefferson • Thomas Jefferson, the original American Prodigy, was born into a wealthy Virginian Family.  • He had a wide variety of talents and skills , especially being a writer.  • He attended the College of William and Mary.  He went on to earn a degree in law.  His love for the Law is what lead him to the Revolutionary Side. •   While serving in the Virginia House of Burgesses, he became a forthright defended of American Rights and the Continental Army. • When war broke out between the British and the Colonials, Jefferson stood forth as a leader in the Revolutionary War. 

6. Thomas Jefferson • In 1766 Jefferson was chosen among others to help write the Declaration of Independence. • During his presidency he authorized the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France.  • On the morning of July 4, 1826, the 15th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas died at the old age of 83.  • His good friend John Adams, Jefferson’s life long friend, died only several hours after Jefferson

7. Thomas Paine • He was born in 1737, in Thetford, Norfolk. He attended grammar school, but eventually failed out. • He died in 1809 He was a journalist, who in 1776, published a pamphlet, that was read worldwide. It was called Common Sense. This pamphlet caused a revolution throughout the world. • In 1776 he went to war, where he began writing a series of essays, called The American Crisis. The first one was so well written and up-lifting that George Washington made Paine read it out loud to the troops before they fought in the Battle of Trenton.

8. Thomas Paine • In 1787, he traveled to Europe, where he got involved with the French Revolution that was going on. While here, he wrote The Rights of Man, which supported the revolution. • Later, while imprisoned for pleading against the execution of the over thrown French king, he wrote The Age of Reason, which attacked organized religion. • After writing that last piece, he lost almost all of his respect as a writer. When he died in 1809, he was finally recognized as the hero he was during the Revolution

9. Patrick Henry • He was born in 1736 in Studley, Hanover County Virginia and attended Kings College, and he died in 1799, • The was the most powerful lecturer during the Revolution. • He inspired colonies, and colonists to unite, and come together to win their independence from Britain. • In 1765, he was elected into the Virginia House of Burgesses. Once he was elected into the VHofB, he delivered his speech on The Stamp Act. This speech was one of his most powerful ones. In it, he expressed his resistance against The Stamp Act.

10. Patrick Henry • His most powerful speech came in 1775, at the Virginia Provincial Convention. He was one of the few speakers there that day, that was urging armed resistance against the British. • This speech helped in aiding the revolutionary spirit of the people, which eventually led to the signing of the declaration of independence. As his life continued, he remained a influential political leader, and eventually made it into the Virginia General Assembly , and became the governor of Virginia. of Virginia.

11. Types of Literature • Political Documents • Newspaper articles • Private Letters • Epistles • Essays • Speeches

12. Political Documents & Newspaper Articles • Documents and newspapers, were very informational and opinioned. • They were full of fact and reasoning. • Many articles and documents were written to persuade important people . • Each piece that was written had a purpose. They weren't written just to be written.

13. Private Letters &Epistles • An epistle is a letter written to a specific person, but is designed to address an audience or a crowd. • Used as a rallying speech almost by major leaders, and helped keep the general public educated about what was going on. • Private letters, like the epistle, were used to maintain a decent level of knowledge on what was happening during the war. • They weren’t used to address the general public, and were often military in nature. • Private letters were the common form of communication among generals and government officials on both the Colonists and the British Military.

14. Essays & Speeches • Essays are short pieces of writing. • There are many types of essays. • Speeches can be formal or informal. • They can also be used in arguments. • They were used to aid in the making of important decisions.

15. Themes • Emphasis on self knowledge and self esteem. • Reason and scientific observation • Rule of law and order • Man’s ability to perfect himself and society. • Freedom from restrictive laws.

16. Emphasis on Self-Knowledge and Self-Control • Self-Knowledge, is a person who is capable of understanding himself. • You need to know your beliefs, and be strong in them to be able to talk and argue about them. • Self control, goes hand in hand with self knowledge. • You have to be able to stay calm and rational, when trying to prove your point, or arguing your point.

17. Reason and Scientific Observation • Reason is characterized by logic. • Reason is having the ability to understand things and being able to make a conclusion about them. • Most of the time, reason means truth. • Scientific Observation means that you can understand information correctly and apply it in a useful way .

18. Rule of Law and Order • Law and Order were frequently used in writing to enforce an idea or opinion. • What was fair and just was a major concern of the time, and leaders wanted to appear as though they were both of those things, so they frequently would try to include Law and Order in their own writings. • These writings included but were not limited to Speeches, epistles, and Political Documents. • The idea starts that we must have law’s to keep order for without laws the world would be chaos.

19. Mans Ability to Perfect Himself and Society • During this time a man was measured by his abilities and his skills. • So, men would frequently try to emphasize their own abilities in their writing, and nothing showed a more sense of intelligence than writing properly. • Men wanted to be accepted as and regarded as a smart and skilled male, so the oal of the time was to be wise and cultured, and to live in a wise and cultured society. • Because of this it was frequently the topic of man’s writing, and varied from writer to writer.

20. Freedom from Restrictive Laws • This is the theme of the revolution mainly because the Revolutionaries believed that they were being unfairly trated and reugluated by tax laws that in no way helped them. • It was the main selling point of the Revolutionaries, to abolish laws the people felt harshly about, and to allow the people themselves to create and regulate their own judicial system.

21. History • Revolutionary War • Constitution is written • George Washington as 1st President

22. Revolutionary War • Revolutionary War (1775-1783)-war between Britain and its North American Colonies. • Colonists overthrew British Rule. 1775 Revolutionaries seized control of each of the colonies colonial governments, and set up the Second Continental Congress and formed a colonial army. • Declared independence in 1776 as the United States of America.

23. The Constitution is Written • It was adopted on September 17, 1787. • It has been amended 37 times since then. • Thirteen colonies signed the Constitution. • There were 8 parts. The preamble, and then 7 articles.

24. George Washington as the 1st President • George Washington the first president of the United States took Office on April 30, 1789 • He toured the New England states and the Southern states so to stop the ever expanding gap between Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of the State) and Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of the Treasury). • Unfortunately Washington failed in doing this and supported Hamilton and his controversial Taxing and Banking issues. • Washington was then re-elected in 1792, and this marked the end of his political career.

25. The Art of Persuasion • Persuasion is the art of trying to convince an audience toward your side. Persuasive Writing appeals to the audience’s senses or emotions, offers the opinions of the writer and his opposition, and urges action. It is necessary to supply evidence in your favor to make any sort of impact on your audience. • It was frequently used by the Revolutionaries to draw attention toward the British and their outrageous actions against the Colonists.

26. Parallelism • Parallelism means a balance of two, or more words, phrases, or clauses. • It is used to make ones writing better and more legible. • It mostly used in conjunction with something else.

27. Logical Reasoning • There are three types of logic. • Logic makes things make since. • Each has its own characteristics. • The three types are Deduction, Induction, and abduction. • Logic is used in math and science, and many other things, like speeches, or speaking.

28. Argumentation • This was an era of verbal argument. • No one could ever agree on anything, so people had debates, and wrote letters, newspapers and other documents to aid them in their fight. • The sharper tongue always assumed the leadership positions.

29. Imagery • Imagery is the direct concentration on images using words to vividly • Often expresses the substance of an object, person or event without yielding an explanation • This careful word choice made it so the Revolutionaries word’s seemed intense and strong, and greatly swayed public opinion.

30. Characteristics of Emotion and Logic • Logic is a Greek word. • It’s the study/practice of observing and applying. • Logic can be used as arguments or as statements. • Emotion is the way we feel physically or mentally. • It’s the basis for all human function.

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