Debt Relief

1. Debt Relief Nicholas Dossett & Rachel Miller November 20th, 2013

2. What is Debt Relief? From Google: A partial or total remission of debts, especially those owed by developing countries to external creditors. What does this mean?

3. 4 International Institutions The World Bank Group The International Monetary Fund The United Nations The African Development Fund 2 Major Initiatives The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI)

4. The World Bank and IMF • Bretton Woods Institutions • twin intergovernmental pillars • supporting the structure of economic and financial order How are they different? • World Bank → a development institution • IMF → cooperative institution, maintains system of payments and receipts

5. The World Bank • Activities: • Loans, Credits, & Grants • Supporting investments in: • Education • Health • Administration • Infrastructure • Development • Agriculture • Environmental & Natural Resource Management • Co-financing • Made up of 5 institutions: • The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) • The International Development Association (IDA) • The International Finance Corporation (IFC) • The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) • The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

6. The IMF • Fundamental mission: to ensure stability in the international system • an organization of 188 countries • Goals: • foster global monetary cooperation • secure financial stability • facilitate international trade • promote high employment and sustainable economic growth • reduce poverty around the world • ThreeActivities: • Surveillance: ways keeping track of the global economy and the economies of member countries • Technical Assistance: giving practical help to members • Lending: to countries with balance of payments difficulties

7. The United Nations • founded in 1945, after WWII • 4 Main Functions: • Keep peace throughout the world • Develop friendly relations among nations • Help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy, and encourage respect other’s rights and freedoms • To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals

8. The AfDF • The African Development Fund (AfDF) is the concessional window of the African Development Bank (AfDB) Group. • Objective: to help reduce the debt burden of eligible Regional Member Countries (RMCs) & free up resources for poverty reduction and development • Functions: • Promotion of economic and social development • 40 least developed African countries • Concessional funding and technical assistance • Participant in the internationally coordinated debt relief programs • Enhanced HIPC Initiative & MDRI

9. The HIPC Initiative • Launched in 1996 by International Development Association (IDA) and IMF • Comprehensive approach to debt reduction • ensure that no poor country faces a debt burden it cannot manage • provide a fresh start to countries with a foreign debt • voluntary provision of debt relief by all creditors • multilateral, bilateral, or commercial • Enhanced in 1999 as an outcome of review by IDA and the IMF • debt-burden thresholds adjusted downward • broader group of countries • larger volumes of debt relief • earlier assistance • “floating completion point”

10. The UN Millennium Development Goals • Agreed to by all the world’s countries and all the world’s leading development institutions • Target date of 2015 • Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • Improve maternal health • Achieve universal primary education • Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases • Promote gender equality and empower women • Ensure environmental sustainability • Reduce child mortality • Develop a global partnership for development

11. Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) • Launched September 1999 by the World Bank and the IMF • Officially, MDG and PRSP objectives are not linked • MDGs were conceived within the UN system • PRSP was a Bretton Woods (IMF and World Bank) initiative • World Bank reports annually on progress towards MDGs

12. The MDRI • A supplement to the HIPC • Proposed by the G-8 in 2005 • Provides for 100 percent relief on eligible debt from institutions • The IMF • The IDA of the World Bank • The AfDF • Intended to help advance the MDGs • Recipient countries must have met the completion point under the HIPC Initiative

13. HIPC Initiative Requirements First step: Decision point Four conditions 1. Eligible to borrow from the IDA & the IMF’s Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust 2. Face an unsustainable debt burden 3. Established a track record of reform and sound policies 4. developed Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper through a broad-based participatory process When a country reaches its decision point it may immediately begin receiving interim debt relief Second Step: Completion Point 3 Conditions Establish a further track record of good performance Implement satisfactorily key reforms agreed upon at the decision point Adopt and implement its PRSP for at least 1 year When a country reaches its completion point it is allowed to receive its full debt relief committed at the decision point

15. MDRI Requirements • Reach the completion point under the Enhanced HIPC Initiative • Per capita income below $380 • Outstanding debt to the Fund at end-2004 • Current on obligations to IMF • Demonstrate satisfactory performance in Macroeconomic policies & implementation of a poverty reduction strategy

16. HIPC and MDRI Results • HIPC relief to 29 post-decision countries = $41.7 Billion (NPV) • $20 Billion corresponds to completion point countries 2005 2006 2010 2011 2012 2013 Future • 40 Countries qualified for HIPC • 29 reached decision point • 30 countries received $45.8 Billion in MDRI relief • $76.4 Billion in HIPC relief committed to 36 countries • Poverty reduction expenditures increased from 6.3 % of GDP in 2001 to 8.8% of GDP in the 36 HIPC Countries • Debt-service payment dropped from 2.8% of GDP in 2001 to 1.3% of GDP • Poverty reduction expenditures increased to 10.1% of GDP • 36 of 39 HIPC eligible countries had reached “completion point” & have received debt relief under HIPC and MDRI • helping low-income countries achieve their development goals • without creating future debt problems, • keeping countries that have received debt relief on a sustainable track.

18. Debt Relief in Burkina Faso • Burkina Faso remains committed to the structural adjustment program it launched in 1991 • 1997 became the 2nd African Country & 3rd worldwide to benefit from HIPC • 2000 (Feb. ) Reached decision point • Set to receive $115 Million in 2000 (contingent) • Expected to reach completion point in 2001 by fulfilling following conditions • Consolidation of macroeconomic progress (PRGF) • Implementation of policy reforms in the medium-term policy framework • Prepare full PRSP • Implement PRSP for at least 1 year • Qualified for US$398 Million- a 50% reduction in outstanding stock of debt • 2002 completed enhanced HIPC criteria • 2002 exceptional debt relief, or "topping-up” committed • additional US$129 million (NPV) • to mitigate results of exogenous shocks to its exports • Should have finalized its second PRSP covering the years 2004–2006, implementation period was extended into 2007/2008 • 2005 qualified for debt relief under the MDRI • 2009 annual per capita assistance was estimated at $81 • Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) IMF noted that performance criteria were (completely or mostly) met in 2010

19. Debt Relief in Burkina Faso • Debt relief under the enhanced HIPC Initiative US$195 million (NPV) • In addition to US$229 million ( NPV) under the original HIPC framework in July 2000 • In 2010 $638 million had been delivered under the MDRI • Total nominal debt service provided under the HIPC Initiative is about US$930 million • Burkina Faso is recognized as a good development performer and partner

20. A Critique of Debt Relief Programs • General • Foreign aid would benefit poor countries more than debt relief • Many countries receiving debt relief lack the ability to make a good use of it • Poor infrastructure • Emotional side of the debate often clouds the efficiency of a project • Aid would be better put to use building up what a country lacks rather than forgiving debts • Un/anti-democratic institutions • Lack of accountability • Burkina Faso, Specific • Liberalization of the economy required with programs marginalizing local artisans and workers • Process of liberalization has been uneven→ Inequality, Social Stratification • industries are vulnerable to competition from imported goods

21. Questions for Further Study • Burkina Faso is said to have been very successful with the formal debt relief programs. Do the people of Burkina Faso feel like they have been successful or that the debt relief programs were/are helpful? • How have the working people been affected by economic liberalization? • More Questions?

22. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/exrp/differ/differ.htm http://criticalfinancial.com/wp-content/uploads/bretton-woods-sign.jpg http://blogs.denverpost.com/thespot/files/2012/03/United-Nations.jpg http://www.afdb.org/en/about-us/african-development-fund-adf/debt-relief-initiatives/ http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/assets/afdb/img/logo_print.gif http://www.worldbank.org/mdgs/global_partnership.html http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Images/hipcmap.gif http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/hipc.htm http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Images/prsplogo-187.gif http://vi.unctad.org/debt/debt/m3/Section%20I(ii)_clip_image002.jpg http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20040942~menuPK:34480~pagePK:34370~theSitePK:4607,00.html http://www.who.int/immunization_financing/analyses/debt_relief/debt_relief_map_big.jpg "Burkina Faso." Background Notes On Countries Of The World: Burkina Faso(2011): 1. Business Source Complete. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Financial-Information/Burkina%20Faso%20-%20Decision%20Point%20Document%20HIPC%20Framework.pdf http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2002/pr0221.htm http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2005/bfa.pdf https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2079rank.html http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/research/econ_henry_g8debtrelief.shtml Casse, Thorkil, and Stig Jensen. "Do We Understand The Linkages Between Economic Growth, Poverty Targets And Poverty Reduction?." Review Of African Political Economy 36.122 (2009): 539-553. Business Source Complete. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. Harsch, Ernest. "Burkina Faso In The Winds Of Liberalisation." Review Of African Political Economy 25.78 (1998): 625. Business Source Complete. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.