U.S. History Since 1877

1. U.S. History Since 1877 Thursday 6:00 PM to 8:50 PM J. Mauldin, M.Ed.

2. US History Since 1877Syllabus Review • Office: C ~ 111 • Off Hours: T ~ 11:30a to 12:15p; Th ~ 11:30a to 12:00p & 2:00p to 5:00p; MWF ~ By Appointment • Telephone: W: 405.262.2552, Ext 4041; C: 405.274.1314 • E-mail: mauldinj@redlandscc.edu

3. US History Since 1877Syllabus Review • I) Crs Description: • II) Crs Rationale: • III) Prerequisites: • IV) Next Crs in Sequence: • V) Text: America Past & Present, $68.00 • VI) Crs Objective: • VII) Schedule: • VIII) Instructional Methods:

4. US History Since 1877Syllabus Review • IX) Eval: A) Three exams (150pts @); B) Two film reviews 25pts @; C) Attendance @ 10pts/class. • X) Grading: • XI) Attendance Policy: • XII) Make-up Policy: • XIII) Dishonesty: • XIV) Cell Phones: • XV) Accommodations:

5. US History Since 1877Syllabus Review • Forgot to include: • Food & Drink • Sign & Turn In Info Sheet • This evening’s attendance

6. U.S. History Since 1877 Thursday 6:00 PM to 8:50 PM J. Mauldin, M.Ed. Questions?

7. U.S. History Since 1877 Thursday 6:00 PM to 8:50 PM J. Mauldin, M.Ed. Introductions

8. Chapter 16THE AGONY OF “RECONSTRUCTION”(*The period immediately following the Civil War)

9. Robert Smalls & Black Politicians • Many remarkable leaders surfaced • Born in 1839, Smalls had a white father & had the opportunity to learn to be a river pilot • 1862, Smalls took command of Confederate steamship Planter w/ a slave crew & surrendered it to the Union navy • Went on to be a US Congressman • *Know about Smalls p.451-452

10. The President Versus Congress • Constitution had no guidelines for putting the country back together • Disagreement over how much the fed govt should be in securing freedom & civil rights for the 4M former slaves • The North split on reconstructing the South • White House seeks speedy reconstruction with minimum changes in the South • Congress seeks slower reconstruction, demands protection for freedmen p.452-453

11. Wartime Reconstruction • Lincoln announces lenient policy in 1863 • Congress resents Lincoln’s effort to control • Congressmen seek to condition readmission to Union on black suffrage • Congress mistrusts white Southerners p.453

12. Andrew Johnson at the Helm • Republicans initially support Southern Democrat Johnson as enemy of planter class • Johnson was from TN & remained loyal to the Union ~ Twist of fate that he became President • Johnson instructs Southern conventions to • Declare secession illegal • Repudiate (not accept) Confed debt • Ratify the 13th Amdt (Abolition) p.453-455

13. Andrew Johnsonat the Helm • Southern conventions reluctantly carry out Johnson’s orders • Conventions pass “Black Codes” • Vagrancy laws, forced to work wo/ choice, prevented from testifying in court, etc. • More or less retuned Af Ams to servility • Johnson approves conventions’ actions • Congress condemns conventions p.455

14. Congress Takes the Initiative • Republicans insist on black suffrage • They expect to get black vote • Ideological commitment to equal rights, even if some did not believe in racial equality • Fear that South would fall under great planter control without black suffrage p.456

15. Congress Takes the Initiative • 1866: Johnson vetoes two bills • Extension of Freedmen’s Bureau • Civil rights bill to overturn Black Codes • Republicans pass Fourteenth Amendment • Guaranteed equal rights to all • States that denied the vote to Af Ams would have their cong representation reduced • 1866 mid-term elections strengthen Republicans ~ A referendum for the 14th p.456

16. Congressional Reconstruction Plan Enacted • South under military rule until black suffrage fully secured • Split over duration of federal protection • Radicals recognize need for long period • Most wish military occupation to be short • Radical Reconstruction based on a dubious assumption: Black suffrage sufficient to empower freedmen to protect themselves p.457-458

17. p.457

18. Reconstruction p.458

19. The Impeachment Crisis • Johnson obstructs Congressional Reconstruction • Congress limits Presidential power • Tenure of Office Act ~ Req’d Senate approval for removal of cabinet officers, etc. ~ Johnson ignored it • Feb 1868: Cong impeaches (bring to trial) • Senate refuses to convict Johnson (1 vote) • Radical Republicans seen as subversive of Constitution, lose public support p.458-459

20. Reconstructing Southern Society • Three contending interests in South • Southern whites seek to keep newly freed blacks inferior • Northern whites seek to make money or to "civilize" the region • Blacks seek equality • Decline of federal interest in Reconstruction permits triumph of reaction & racism p.460

21. Reorganizing Land & Labor • Ex-slaves wish to work their own land • Fed govt grants 40 acres to some • Land given back to white owners under Johnson • Slave owners try to impose contract labor • Commonly cheated former slaves • Blacks insist on sharecropping • Sharecropping soon becomes peonage p.460-461

22. Republican Rule in the South • 1867 ~ Southern Republican party organized. Made up of… • …businessmen interested in govt aid for private enterprise • …poor white farmers in danger of losing their land to creditors • …newly enfranchised blacks (the majority) interested in education, civil rights, & landownership • Coalition did not hold together • Made some progress in education, but other initiatives (railroad subsidies, etc.) did not turn out well • p.462-463

23. Claiming Public and Private Rights • Freed slaves viewed legalized marriage as an important step in claiming political rights • They also formed churches, fraternal & benevolent associations, political organizations, & schools • Education for children was a top priority • Most blacks viewed separate schooling as an opportunity rather than as a form of discrimination p.464-465

24. The Election of 1868 p.466

25. Retreat from Reconstruction • The impeachment crisis of 1868 marked the high point of popular interest in Reconstruction issues • Grant lacked the vision & sense of duty to tackle the difficult challenges the nation faced • The plight of Af Americans receded in white consciousness p.466

26. Rise of the Money Question • Panic of 1873 raises “the money question” • Should “greenbacks” (paper money used during the Civil War) be allowed to continue to circulate? • Some supported only “hard money” (Au & Ag) • Cong waffles on hard money v. greenbacks • Greenbacks promoted easy credit & supported expansion • 1878 ~ Greenback Labor Party elected 14 congressmen & kept issue alive into ’80s p.466-467

27. Final Efforts of Reconstruction • 1870 ~ Fifteenth Amendment ratified • All male citizens guaranteed the right to vote wo/ regard for race, color, or previous condition of servitude • Women’s rights group were upset that they were not granted the vote • Stanton & Anthony (feminists) • Spt for blk citizenship waned p.467

28. A Reign of Terror Against Blacks • Secret societies used terror tactics to keep blacks out of the political process & attempted to intimidate state govts • State militias called out • 1870s ~ Congress passed laws to provide fed protection of blk suffrage (fed crime) • Intimidation continued • By 1876 Republicans control only South Carolina, Louisiana, & Florida • Northern supt for military action wanes p.467-470

29. Chapter 16THE AGONY OF RECONSTRUCTION2/3 Point

30. The Election of 1872 Horace NY p.470

31. Spoilsmen Versus Reformers • Many accusations of corruption during Grant's administration • Crédit Mobilier Scandal • Grant’s 1st VP, Schuyler Colfax, involved in siphoning off profits that should have gone to stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad • Whiskey Ring • His private sec, Orville Babcock, conspired to defraud the govt of liquor taxes • Indian Trading Posts • Sec of War, WmBelknap, took bribes involving the sale of Indian Trading Posts & an associated “cover-up” • Grant consistently tried to shield his old friends from justice p.470-471

32. Reunion & the New South • Reconciliation of North & South was costly to the less fortunate • African Americans lost what little progress they had made • Lower-class whites saw their interests sacrificed to those of capitalists & landlords • Big business interests favored over small farmer p.471

33. RB Hayes, gov of Ohio, untainted by the Grant era scandals SJ Tilden, reform gov of NY who had successfully battled corruption Tilden clearly won the popular vote, but the returns from SC, FL, & LA were disputed. Cong appointed a special commission to resolve the issue. The Commission split along party lines & awarded the disputed votes to Hayes, but the decision still had to be ratified by both houses of Cong p.471-472

34. The Compromise of 1877 • To ensure the ratification of Hayes election, the Republicans made a more of less secret deal. They… • …guaranteed federal aid to the South • …agreed to removal of all remaining fed troops • Hayes’ agreement ends Reconstruction and southern blacks were abandoned to their fate p.471-472

35. “Redeeming” a New South • Those who came to power after the collapse of Reconstruction are often referred to as “Redeemers” • Some were members of the old ruling class, others were middle-class people who favored manufacturing & industrial interests over agrarian interests. • A third group were professional politicians looking to go along with the “prevailing winds” • These “power brokers” generally agreed on two things: laissez-faire & white supremacy p.472-473

36. The Rise of Jim Crow • Redeemer Democrats systematically exclude black voters • Jim Crow laws legalize segregation and restrict black civil rights • Had to pass a test to vote • Pay a poll tax to vote • Couldn’t vote if your father wasn’t eligible to vote • By 1910 the process was complete • The North and the federal govt did little or nothing to prevent it p.473-476

37. The Rise of Jim Crow • Lynching ~ 187 blacks lynched yearly 1889–1899 • A series of Supreme Court decisions between 1878–1898 gutted the Reconstruction amendments, leaving blacks virtually defenseless

38. Henry McNeal Turner & the “Unfinished Revolution” • Henry McNeal Turner’s career summarized the Southern black experience during and after Reconstruction • He supported the Union during the war and was elected to GA legislature in Reconstruction • “Redeemed” GA legislature expels him, exemplifying Northerners unspoken approval of oppression of Southern blacks • Turner becomes Af Meth Episcopal bishop & a major proponent of black emigration to Africa p.477-478

39. Chapter 16THE AGONY OF RECONSTRUCTION