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Presentation by Ron Milione, W2TAP. WELCOME TO LIMARC. WELCOME TO LIMARC UFOs! Fact or Fiction? After 60 Years!. UFOs: A Background
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Presentation by Ron Milione, W2TAP WELCOME TO LIMARC
WELCOME TO LIMARC UFOs! Fact or Fiction? After 60 Years!
UFOs: A Background Flying objects, not easily identifiable by the human eye, have been spotted all around the world for centuries. Those who reported seeing such mysterious objects often attributed them to spirits, angels, phantoms, ghosts or other supernatural phenomena. In 1938, with the specter of war looming in Europe, Orson Welles caused mass hysteria in America when his radio broadcast based on H.G. Wells' science-fiction novel "War of the Worlds" suggested that meteor-like rocket ships carrying aliens were invading Earth.
On July 3, 1893 several fishermen were awakened in the middle of the night by the presence of a strange craft that they described as an "electric monster." Their watches stopped and the craft/monster emitted electricity and light. The craft also made a loud sound. Two men were knocked unconscious in the encounter. The rest of the party fled in terror. They returned and found their two unconscious friends who were revived. Apparently the two men suffered no permanent injuries. This is the first known documented encounter with a UFO in the Pacific Northwest.
This incident actually happened before the Kenneth Arnold sighting, but was not as well known to the media. (The incident was said to have occurred on June 21, 1947.) The incident happened at Maury Island (near Seattle, Washington) and involved a sighting by Harold A. Dahl who saw six donut shaped ufos. Dahl took a few photos of the UFOs, and then one appeared to explode and then ejected some materials which dropped into the Puget Sound. Dahl said that the debris killed his dog and injured his son resulting a trip to the hospital. Dahl reported the sighting to his supervisor Fred Crisman.
Dahl collected some of the debris and mailed it to Chicago publisher Raymond Palmer. Palmer subsequently called Kenneth Arnold and asked him to investigate the sighting. Arnold flew to Tacoma from Boise to investigate the sighting in late July, 1947. The investigation was inconclusive and thought to be a hoax. However, later investigators have shown that the sighting may not have been a hoax. This was compounded by the fact that it was later learned that Fred Crisman was actually a CIA agent. Air Force Officers later arrived via A B25 aircraft to the study the incident. The Air Force officers picked up some of the debris, but the B25 crashed on their way back from McChord Air Force Base to Hamilton Field.
Flying Saucers The first well-known UFO sighting occurred in 1947, when businessman Kenneth Arnoldclaimed to see a group of nine high-speed objects near Mount Rainier in Washington while flying his small plane. Arnold estimated the speed of the crescent-shaped objects as several thousand miles per hour and said they moved “like saucers skipping on water.” In the newspaper report that followed, it was mistakenly stated that the objects were saucer-shaped, hence the term flying saucer.
After news of Arnold's sightings hit the media, similar sightings began to be reported in increasing numbers across the United States. Also in July 1947, a Roswell, New Mexico newspaper claimed that personnel of the nearby U.S. Army airfield had recovered a crashed flying saucer. The Army, in turn, explained that the crash was that of a wrecked weather balloon. (Though the Roswell incident was mostly forgotten until the late 1970s, around that time several eyewitnesses began to come forward claiming the "weather balloon" was in fact an alien craft; conspiracy theories regarding Roswell still abound among ufologists.)
Governmental Response In response to the increasing number of UFO sightings that followed Arnold's report, the U.S. Air Force began an investigation of these reports, called Operation Sign, in 1948. Among the initial theories of the project's participants was that the UFOs were actually types of sophisticated Soviet aircraft, although there was also a hypothesis that they might be extraterrestrial spacecraft. Regarding the June 1947 sighting over Mount Rainier, Air Force investigators deemed both Arnold and the prospector to be credible witnesses, but concluded that what they had seen was a mirage, not actual flying ships.
Project Sign There is reliable testimony that in August, 1948, the Technical Intelligence Division at Wright-Patterson and Project Sign, decided to make a formal Estimate of the Situation. The Estimate was a top secret document that contained unexplained sightings by pilots, scientists, and other reliable witnesses. The report concluded that UFOs were of extraterrestrial origin. The Army Air Force was, in one form or another, involved in investigating UFOs beginning with the 8th Army's investigation of foo fighter reports during World War II. The AAF also sent intelligence officers to investigate many of the early sightings, but did not, at that point, take them very seriously. However, sightings in 1947 by military personnel of UFOs over Muroc AFB, White Sands Proving Grounds, and other sensitive installations got the AAF's attention quickly. Classified orders went out that all UFO reports were to be sent to the Technical Intelligence Division of the Air Materiel Command at Wright-Patterson Air Field.
In the late summer of 1947, when the Air Force had become an independent branch of the military, Air Intelligence at the Pentagon requested a report from Air Materiel Command regarding what was known about "flying disks". The Commander of the Air Materiel Command at Wright-Patterson, Lt. General Nathan F. Twining, held a conference with persons from the Air Institute of Technology, Intelligence T-2, the Office of Chief Engineering Division, and the Aircraft, Power Plant, and Propeller Laborotories of Engineering Division T-3. As a result of this conference, on September 23, 1947, Twining sent a secret memorandum to Brig.
General George Schulgen, Chief of the Air Intelligence Requirements Division that concluded: a. The phenomenon reported is something real and not visionary or fictitious. b. There are objects probably approximating the shape of a disk, of such appreciable size as to appear to be as large as man-made aircraft. c. There is a possibility that some of the incidents may be caused by natural phenomena,such as meteors. d. The reported operating characteristics such as extreme rates of climb, maneuverability, and actions which must be considered evasive when sighted or contacted by friendly aircraft and radar, lend belief to the possibility that some of the objects are controlled either manually, automatically, or remotely.
General George Schulgen, Chief of the Air Intelligence Requirements Division that concluded (Continued): e. The apparent common description of the objects is as follows: (1) Metallic or light reflecting. (2) Absence of trail, except in a few instances when the object apparently was operating under high performance conditions (3) Circular or elliptical in shape, flat on bottom and domed on top. (4) Several reports of well kept formation flights varying from three to nine objects. (5) Normally no associated sound, except in three instances a substantial rumbling roar was noted. (6) Level flight speeds normally above 300 knots are estimated.
f. It is possible within the present U.S. knowledge - provided extensive detailed development is undertaken - to construct a piloted aircraft which has the general description of the object in subparagraph (e) above which would be capable of anapproximate range of 7,000 miles at subsonic speeds. g. Any development in this country along the lines indicated would be extremely expensive, time consuming, and at the considerable expense of current projects and therefore, if directed, should be set up independently of existing projects. h. Due consideration must be given to the following: (1) The possibility that these objects are of domestic origin - the product of some high security project not known to AC/AS-2 or this Command. (2) The lack of physical evidence in the shape of crash recovered exhibits which would undeniably prove the existence of these objects. (3) The possibility that some foreign nation has a form of propulsion, possibly nuclear, which is outside of our domestic knowledge.
Project Grudge Project Grudge was formed when Project Sign was decommissioned officially on February 11, 1949. The name was about all that would change. Project Sign's final report was classified "Secret." At this time in history, there were a number of Air Force investigators who accepted the possibility of extraterrestrial intelligence. How else were these unexplainable objects getting to Earth from distant planets? These were considered the "dreamers;" those who had vision, and could accept facts without seeing actual physical proof. Another group of disbelievers had no vision or imagination. They would only accept the possibility that UFOs were real when they saw a saucer land on the White House lawn. One small change from Sign to Grudge was the desire to actually explain or put a tag on every single report; not only a difficult task but totally without precedent. This would look good in a report, yet offer no new scientific theory as to what UFOs were.
Project Grudge One small change from Sign to Grudge was the desire to actually explain or put a tag on every single report; not only a difficult task but totally without precedent. This would look good in a report, yet offer no new scientific theory as to what UFOs were. One item of interest to the student of UFOs would be an article written by Sidney Shalett of the Saturday Evening Post about the Government's research into UFOs. At the time, the name Project Grudge was not known to the public, and Shalett used the name "Project Saucer" instead. It has been said that Shalett penned the first public use of the term "UFO" in his article of April 30, 1949. Grudge would fair no better than its predecessors, and closed down after about eight months. They issued a final report also, containing 273 UFO sighting reports. A whopping 23% of these were listed as "unidentified."
Project Grudge Little was done for a time, until on September 11, 1951. A last gasp effort was organized by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, who took over as head of Grudge. Shortly a month later, a new short lived effort was begun. Usually tagged Grudge II, about all that was new was office forms. The Battelle Memorial Institute, actually a think tank, was asked by the Government to take over the job of explaining UFO reports. They were to review all reports to date. In March of 1952, enter Project Blue Book, which would be the official UFO study group for the United States. Blue Book lasted until 1969.
Birth of Project Blue Book In the features Project Sign, and Project Grudge, we saw that, after General Hoyt Vandenburg rejected the conclusions of Project Sign's 1948 "Estimate of the Situation" as being unfounded, the attitude of the Air Force toward UFOs changed. The name change of its official agent for UFO investigation changed on 16 December 1948 from Project Sign to Project Grudge reflected this change in attitude, as did the final report of Project Sign. On 27 December 1949, a year after its creation, Project Grudge was officially closed and its final report was issued shortly thereafter. It was claimed that the 23 percent of UFO reports that could not be explained by ordinary phenomena could be explained by psychological phenomena. Project Grudge, however, while "officially" closed, was still functioning at a reduced level. This reduced level consisted of a solitary investigator, Lt. Jerry Cummings. The Project might have faded away altogether except for a series of sightings at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, which resulted in the military itself criticizing the Air Force for its poor investigation of something that seemed to be a threat to national security.
Birth of Project Blue Book As a result, when Lt. Cummings left the Air Force in 1951, Captain Edward Ruppelt, an Air Force intelligence officer, was appointed to take over the project, which was renamed Project Bluebook. Ruppelt took the task seriously and completely reorganized the project. He established means for speeding the receipt of reports, established liaisons with other agencies, systematized reporting procedures, and obtained the services of a scientific consultant in the person of astronomer Dr. J. Allen Hynek. A standard reporting form was developed by Ohio State University, and the Battelle Memorial Institute was commissioned to do a statistical study known as Project Stork. By April, 1952, after an increase in sighting reports, clearance was given for all intelligence officers at all U.S. Air Force bases to send reports directly to Bluebook by teletype. It seemed that at last the Air Force was truly serious about UFOs. It was just in time for the "flap" of 1952.
Birth of Project Blue Book The "Flap of 1952" was a huge increase in sightings peaking in July with massive sightings both visual and on radar over Washington, D.C. These sightings were so numerous that they became known as the Washington Nationals. Even the CIA became concerned, so much so that they ordered the Office of Scientific Intelligence to review the data collected by Bluebook and the Air Technical Intelligence Center at Wright-Patterson AFB and to make recommendations based on their findings.
Birth of Project Blue Book The OSI review of the existing data resulted in a recommendation, predictably, that the phenomena required more study. The main concern of the CIA was not that UFOs were a direct threat to the U.S., but that they were an indirect one. During this period, they heyday of the Cold war, the fear was that the many UFO sighting reports might obscure a very real threat from the Soviet Union. One example was that, during a wave of UFO sightings, a Soviet attack or an overflight by a Russian intelligence-gathering aircraft might not be recognized as such until it was too late. So, the CIA asked a Cal-Tech physicist, Dr. H.P. Robertson, to assemble a panel of respected scientists to study the UFO phenomenon. These included Dr. Samuel A Goudsmit, a nuclear physicist with the Brookhaven National Laboratories, geophysicist Dr. Lloyd V. Berkner, radar & electronics expert Dr. Luis Alvarez of the University of California, and Johns Hopkins University astronomer Dr. Thornton L. Page. Astronomer and Project Bluebook consultant Dr. J. Allen Hynek and Frederick C. Durant, president of the International Astronautical Foundation, were associate members of the panel.
Birth of Project Blue Book This distinguished panel, which would become known as the Robertson Panel, spent four days, 14 January, 1953 through 17 January, 1953, reviewing the existing evidence. At the end of this time, they issued a report, known as the "Durant Report", which merely restated that UFOs were not a direct threat to U.S. security , but which reiterated the fears of the CIA that the Soviets might somehow use the phenomenon to mask an invasions of the United States: We cite as examples the clogging of channels of communication by irrelevant reports, the danger of being led by continued false alarms to ignore real indications of hostile action, and the cultivation of a morbid national psychology in which skillful hostile propaganda could induce hysterical behavior and harmful distrust of duly constituted authority.
Birth of Project Blue Book Further, the Panel recommended a policy of debunking UFO sightings in order to quell the growing public preoccupation with the phenomenon: ...the national security agencies take immediate steps to strip the Unidentified Flying Objects of the special status that they have been given and the aura of mystery they have unfortunately acquired; The conclusions of the Robertson Panel, as hasty and obviously disinforming as they were, dampened military and government enthusiasm for the study of UFOs. Captain Ruppelt left active duty in August, 1953, and Project Bluebook was turned over to an enlisted man, Airman First Class Max Futch. Additionally, an order called JANAP-146 was issued in December, 1953, which made the reporting of unidentified flying objects by military personnel a National Security Issue, with possible prosecution for its violation. The Air Force was publicly debunking UFOs, while privately drawing a veil of secrecy around their investigations. Personnel changes at Bluebook over the years reflect the decline in interest of the Air Force.
Birth of Project Blue Book In March of 1954, Major Charles Hardin was put in charge of Project Bluebook, and the 4602nd Air Intelligence Service Squadron began training as field investigators. In 1955, the results of the Battelle Memorial Institute study were finally released as Bluebook Special Report Number 14. The study had a number of flaws, and concluded that improved methods of investigation and reporting would result in all UFO sightings being explained as ordinary phenomena. In April, 1956, Captain George T. Gregory took over the helm of Bluebook and he began a concerted effort to "explain" every sighting, even if he had to make wide stretches to fit a sighting into an "explained" category. The death knell for Project Bluebook was heard in April, 1966, when the House Armed Services Committee recommended that the Air Force contract with a University for a scientific study of UFOs. On October 7, 1966, the Air Force announced that a program to study UFOs would be conducted by the University of Colorado and headed by Dr. Edward Condon. In reality, the Condon Committee, as it was called, had one task, and that was to provide a reason for the Air Force to end its official investigation of UFOs.
End of Project Blue Book That final conclusion of the "Condon Report", released 9 January, 1969 was: Our general conclusion is that nothing has come from the study of UFOs in the past 21 years that has added to scientific knowledge. Careful consideration of the record as it is available to us leads us to conclude that further extensive study of UFOs probably cannot be justified in the expectation that science will be advanced thereby. On December 17, 1969, Project Bluebook was closed and the veil of secrecy had been completely drawn around whatever investigation of UFOs was being conducted by the military.
End of Project Blue Book From 1947 to 1969, the Air Force investigated Unidentified Flying Objects under Project Blue Book. The project, headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, was terminated December 17, 1969. Of a total of 12,618 sightings reported to Project Blue Book, 701 remained "unidentified." The decision to discontinue UFO investigations was based on an evaluation of a report prepared by the University of Colorado entitled, "Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects;" a review of the University of Colorado's report by the National Academy of Sciences; previous UFO studies and Air Force experience investigating UFO reports during 1940 to 1969.
The Conclusions of Project Blue Book No UFO reported, investigated, and evaluated by the Air Force has ever given any indication of threat to our national security. There has been no evidence submitted to or discovered by the Air Force that sightings categorized as "unidentified" represent technological developments or principles beyond the range of present day scientific knowledge. There has been no evidence indicating the sightings categorized as "unidentified" are extraterrestrial vehicles
Technical Approach for Observations for any type of “UFO’S”
Called a UFO the luminous phenomenon that accompanies the entry into the atmosphere of an extraterrestrial body . This streak of light/structure/mass is caused by the vaporization of the body and the ionization of air in its path, phenomena mainly due to compression of the atmosphere ahead of the supersonic body (not friction). The phenomenon usually occurs between 120 and 80 km altitude at high speed between 11 and 72 km / s. This represents most of the time at least at the rate of release to land or the sum of the speed of the object and the speed of the Earth in its orbit. Their size is of course can vary. Drag and over dense ionized under dense concepts: In contact with the atmosphere the kinetic energy causes heating and ionization (plasma) from the atmosphere which causes a light emissive. The properties of the plasma vary depending on its density and determines its ability to reflect a radio wave incident. It is estimated that below 1014 electrons per meter (critical density) the ionized trail reflected little or no incident wave. In this case we speak of drag under-density (underdense).
Above this threshold reflection can be total and we talk about drag-density (over dense). Logically the two phenomena are observed in the case of a strong "echo" radio as illustrated by these diagrams : The signal sub-density results in a very pronounced peak and a logarithmic decrease. The "length" of this decrease depends on the duration of ionization. The majority of all small bodies UFO’s cause a single peak without vertical decay of the signal. There is also often a "pre-impact" before the main peak.
The signal-to-density results in large fluctuations, sometimes with a pronounced peak. The "length" of this echo also depends on the duration of ionization, but many distortions, see disappearance and reappearance can be obtained not according to the wind in this high atmospheric layers geometrically modifies the "channel" which sometimes persists ionized several minutes after the passage of the UFO. We also observed the same phenomenon in the visible because the drag "light" also persists and sometimes it finds its deformation.
Oscillatory mechanism of Fresnel also explains the phenomenon of oscillation of over dense echo's. This is due to the rapid movement of the UFO and the delay induced on the wave at the reception.
Formula related to the observation of Radio UFO’S: PT WHERE Is The transmitter power, GT and GR respectivement The Earnings Of The transmitter and receiver antennas In The Management Of The reflection point, RT and RR the Distance Of The transmitter & the receiver reflection To The Point, The Radio wavelength λ Used, re The classical electron radius, q the line density Of The Trail At The UFO reflection point, γ The Angle Between The incident electric field vector & the Executive Of The receiver (as seen From The reflection point), The Half φ angle forward scatter, ie , The Half Of The Angle Between transmitter and receiver, as seen aussi From The reflection point, and β The Angle Between the trail & the propagation plane. r0 is the initial radius of the UFO’s trail. Most of the geometrical parameters are shown in the next figure . Most Of The Geometrical parameters are shown in next figure as well. The maximum reflection is obtained when the trajectory of the UFO is contained in a plane that is tangent to the ellipse with the transmitter (B) and listening post receiver (A) as OBSERVATION POST. Obviously it is the issuer may be symmetric in (A) and receiver (B). The maximum received power P (0) through an under dense UFO OBJECT is approximately given by:
Doppler Shift Doppler shiftCalculating the Doppler shift:frx = ftx (1-v/c) / (1+v/c)The difference between the transmitter frequency and the received frequency, for objects travelling at non-relativistic velocities is given by:Δf / ftx = (frx - ftx) / ftx = 2 v / cwhere v is the velocity of the object relative to the source, and c = 299 792 458 m/s.Example:If the frequency shift (Δf) is 100Hz, and ftx = 143.050 MHz, then: v = 100 × 299792458 / ( 2 × 143050000 ) = 104.7859 m/sNote that v is proportional to Δf. Thus we can simply memorize a figure: 1.05 m/s per Hz.1m/s = 3.6 Km/h Doppler shift is negative for receding objects ('red-shift') and positive for approaching objects ('blue-shift').Doppler shifted reflection signals always move from the high-side to the low-side of the illumination frequency. Hence, when listening mode, audio signals which are descending in frequency are possible reflection signals from moving objects.The speed of sound in air is approximately: 20.0457√T m/s, where T is the absolute temperature (centigrade+273.15). At 0°C (273.15 K), the speed of sound in dry air is:20.0457√273.15 = 331.3 m/s
is the wavelength used (or its equivalent in frequency), which determines the duration and the received power by keeping other parameters identical. Clearly the duration of the signal is inversely proportional to the square of the frequency. For information Example: An echo is observed at 144.2 MHz which lasts 1 second, the same echo on FM 90.1 MHz lasted 2.6 s and 7s on 55.25 MHz (channel 2) finally 25 s at 28.5 MHz
There is also a frequency of "cut" which is around 200Mhz for conditions of "normal". Observations of echoes at higher frequencies have been made but it is extremely dependent on the sensitivity of the material used and in general we observe that the strongest echoes. The actual magnitude depends on several factors such as transmitter power, antenna, and the relative position of the meteor. Strictly physical point of view the signal amplitude varies as the inverse of the frequency to the power 3 / 2. And an echo on 144.2 MHz with an amplitude of 1 uV, overlooking 90.1 MHz 2μV on 55.25 MHz, 4.2 MHz 5.28 uV and 11.4 microvolts.
Best Classic Cases 1897-The Aurora, Texas UFO CrashOccurring during the "Great Airship" wave of the late 1800s, the legend of a UFO crash and a dead alien have survived over a century of debate. Allegedly, the dead alien pilot is buried in the local cemetery. The story of the crash was related by local newspapers, the UPI, and AP. The city received "historical site" status because of the incident. 1941-The Missouri UFO Crash Retrieval Brought to public knowledge by UFO investigator Leo Stringfield, from an account by Charlette Mann. Mann related the story of her grandfather Reverend William Huffman, who claimed to have been called to the scene of a crashed UFO with dead aliens in Missouri. 1942-The Battle of Los Angeles Shortly after the Japanese invaded Pearl Harbor, the city of Los Angeles was invaded by a flying object of unknown origin. U.S. military sent volley after volley of shells at the alleged flying saucer without damaging the intruder. Six people were killed during the attacks.
1947-The Kenneth Arnold Sighting While searching for a missing troop transport near Yakima, Washington, pilot Kenneth Arnold got the surprise of his life. He spotted nine discs flying in formation. After he landed, a news conference was held in which Arnold called the unknowns flying saucers, the first time the phrase was used. 1947-The Roswell, New Mexico UFO Crash The most famous UFO case of all occurred near Corona, Mexico. Rancher Mac Brazel found strange crash debris on his morning rounds, and reported his find to local radio station. Soon, the military from Roswell AFB was involved, and issued a press statement that the Air Force had captured a UFO. This statement was soon recanted. 1948-Pilot Dies Chasing a UFO Kentucky Air National Guard Captain Thomas Mantell was piloting his F-51, when he received radio orders to check out a large, metallic disc which had been reported by citizens of the area, and clearly seen from the tower of Godman Air Force Base. After reporting that he was in pursuit of the object, radio contact was lost, and his plane soon crashed to the ground, killing Mantell.
1952-Washington, D. C. UFOs on Radar UFOs buzzed the White House, the Capitol building, and the Pentagon. Seemingly the unknown objects were defying the very governmental agencies sworn to protect the United States from foreign powers. Washington National Airport and Andrews Air Force Base picked up a number of UFOs on their radar screens on July 19, 1952, beginning a wave of sightings still unexplained to this day. Numerous photographs were taken of the unknown objects. 1955-The Kelly, Kentucky Alien Invasion One of the most bizarre accounts of alien contact on record. The Sutton family farmhouse was under siege from small alien beings for several hours one night. Family members shot at the beings, but without effect. The beings has claw-like hands, and large ears. This account has never been debunked. 1957-Levelland, Texas UFO Landing No less than 8 official sightings, including policemen, would highlight a night of terror in a small Texas town. UFOs were flying, hovering, and even landing on the roads around Levelland. One of the best documented cases in UFO history.
