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Understanding Ecosystem Management: Ethical Perspectives and Evolution

Chapter 2 explores the evolution of Ecosystem Management (EM) through various ethical frameworks. It examines Gifford Pinchot's resource conservation ethic aimed at maximizing utility for the most people sustainably, John Muir's romantic conservation approach emphasizing intrinsic values of nature, and Aldo Leopold's evolutionary ecological land ethic which views nature as an interconnected system. The chapter contrasts traditional management methods with adaptive management, advocating for resilience and collaboration among stakeholders to effectively address ecological challenges and maintain natural variation for ecosystem health.

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Understanding Ecosystem Management: Ethical Perspectives and Evolution

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  1. Chapter 2: Getting a Grip on EM: Its Evolution – Three Perspectives/Ethos • Resource Conservation Ethic – Gifford Pinchot • Goal of management based on utilitarian ethic – ‘to produce the greatest good of the greatest number for the longest time’ • Romantic transcendental conservation ethic – John Muir • Nature has values/uses other than human economic value independent of human use. • Conservation vs. preservation

  2. Chapter 2: Getting a Grip on EM: Its Evolution – Three Perspectives/Ethos • Evolutionary ecological land ethic – Aldo Leopold • Nature is not simply a collection of parts, some to be used, others to be discarded based on their usefulness • It is a complicated and interconnected ‘functional system’ that is the result of long term evolutionary change. • Ecosystem Management – not a ‘revolution’..it is an ‘evolution’.

  3. Emphasis on commodities and natural resource extraction – Utilitarian Ethic Equilibrium perspective; climax conditions Reductionism; site specificity Emphasis on balance between commoditiesd, amenities, and ecological integrity – Leopoldian Ethic Nonequilibrium perspective; dynamics and resiliency; shifting mosaics Holism; contextual view Contrasts between Traditional and EM

  4. Predictability and control Solutions developed by resource management agencies Confrontation, single issue polarization; public as adversary Uncertainty and flexibility Solutions developed through discussions among all stakeholders Consensus building; multiple issues, partnerships Contrasts between Traditional and EM From command control to adaptive management

  5. Conceptual Model of Command and Control

  6. The Pathology of Natural Resources Management – Consequences of Command and Control • Human imposed external control – initiated by external of the ecological system by humans • Institutional changes to focus on the control – society expects institutions to be effective • Increased economic dependence on control and overcapitalization

  7. The ‘Golden Rule’ of Natural Resource Management • Natural Resource Management should strive to identify and retain critical types and ranges of natural variation in ecosystems, while satisfying the combined needs of the ecological, socio-economic, and institutional systems. • Maintaining natural variation result in higher levels of resilience • Challenge – determining the types and ranges of natural variation in various ecosystems.

  8. Alternative Perspectives of Ecosystems

  9. States of Ecosystems: Range of Variation

  10. Principles of Resilience and Resistance

  11. Principles of Resilience and Resistance: High Resistance Low Resilience

  12. Principles of Resilience and Resistance (Low Resistance high Resilience)

  13. Why is the Ecosystem approach important to use in understanding the implications of a management activity or human disturbance in ecosystems (E Book) • The low level of understanding of processes occurring at an ecosystem scale and therefore inadequately developed tools to deal with: • Uncertainty or insufficient data when assessing ecological risk of a system • Poor ability to identify when an ecosystem has traversed from one biological threshold to another • How and what parts of an ecosystem are relevant to study to produce adequate information to test the trajectory that a system is following • The long temporal scales in which a system is responding, resulting in great difficulty in designing experiments to effectively mimic these temporal scales • The inability to effectively address or predict spatial scaling issues in which a biotic or abiotic structure and/or function at one scale can feed back to control processes at another scale

  14. Why is the Ecosystem approach important to use in understanding the implications of a management activity or human disturbance in ecosystems (E Book) • The inability to measure ecosystem resistance and resilience and to be able to identify the system state being studied in relationship to similar ecosystems • The poor ability to identify how past land-use activities or natural disturbances have changed the manner in which present system is responding

  15. A Model of Forest Ecosystem Management

  16. A Model of Forest Ecosystem Management

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