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الفصل الدراسى السابع S-7

الفصل الدراسى السابع S-7. Microwave Engineering. هندسة ميكروموجية. 1. Microwave Engineering. هندسة ميكروموجية. 2. الهندسة الميكروموجية EE262 (2 س محاضرة+ 2 س تمرين+1س عملى) اسبوعياً. المنهج التفصيلى . نظرية أوساط النقل الميكروموجية . تقنيات الموائمة والتوليف.

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الفصل الدراسى السابع S-7

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  1. الفصل الدراسى السابع S-7 Microwave Engineering هندسة ميكروموجية 1

  2. Microwave Engineering هندسة ميكروموجية 2

  3. الهندسة الميكروموجية EE262 (2س محاضرة+2س تمرين+1س عملى) اسبوعياً المنهج التفصيلى • نظرية أوساط النقل الميكروموجية. • تقنيات الموائمة والتوليف. • تحيل الشبكات الميكروموجية. • مقسمات القدرة و اجهزة الربط. • الصمامات الميكروموجية. خطوط نقل الترددات العالية ، خريطة سميث ، تقنيات المواءمة باستخدام الخطوط المبتورة ، ادلة الموجة مستطيلة المقطع و الدائرية المقطع ، الخطوط الميكروشريطية ، المرنانات التجويفية ، فيزياء الضوء . 3

  4. “Microwave Engineering” pharos (3-1-1) per week EE262DETAILED COURSE SYLLABUS (Pre-req EE261) • Transmission Line Theory. • Impedance Matching & Tuning. • Microwave Network Analysis. • Power Divider and couplers. • Microwave Tubes. 4

  5. Lecture/Tutorial /Lab Guidance Class Attendance Regular attendance is critical for good success in the course

  6. Course Assessment • Evaluation methods • Evaluation of class work including: • -Drop Quizzes:10%. • -Home work assignment & short reports and presentation: 15%. • ii) Mid term written exam @ 8th week:25%. • v) Final examination: 50%. • Assessment Instruments • Short reports and presentation. • Quizzes.

  7. Course Description 1st W. Introduction 2.1 The Lumped-Element Circuit Model for a Transmission Line 48 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line 50 The Lossless Line 51 2nd W. 2.2 Field Analysis of Transmission Lines 51 Transmission Line Parameters 51 The Telegrapher Equations Derived from Field Analysis of a Coaxial Line 54 Propagation Constant, Impedance, and Power Flow for the Lossless Coaxial Line 56 2.3 The Terminated Lossless Transmission Line 56 Special Cases of Lossless Terminated Lines 59 7

  8. Course Description cont… 3rd W. 2.4 The Smith Chart 63 The Combined Impedance–Admittance Smith Chart 67 The Slotted Line 68 4th W. 2.5 The Quarter-Wave Transformer 72 The Impedance Viewpoint 72 The Multiple-Reflection Viewpoint 74 2.6 Generator and Load Mismatches 76 Load Matched to Line 77 Generator Matched to Loaded Line 77 Conjugate Matching 77 2.7 Lossy Transmission Lines 78 The Low-Loss Line 79 The Distortionless Line 80 The Terminated Lossy Line 81 The Perturbation Method for Calculating Attenuation 82 The Wheeler Incremental Inductance Rule 83 8

  9. Course Description cont… 5th W. Impedance Matching & Tuning 228 5.1 Matching with Lumped Elements (LNetworks) 229 Analytic Solutions 230 Smith Chart Solutions 231 5.2 Single-Stub Tuning 234 Shunt Stubs 235 Series Stubs 238 5.3 Double-Stub Tuning 241 Smith Chart Solution 242 Analytic Solution 245 5.4 The Quarter-Wave Transformer 246 9

  10. Course Description cont… 6th W. Microwave Network Analysis. 165 4.1 Impedance and Equivalent Voltages and Currents 166 Equivalent Voltages and Currents 166 The Concept of Impedance 170 Even and Odd Properties ofZ(ω)and(ω) 173 4.2 Impedance and Admittance Matrices 174 Reciprocal Networks 175 Lossless Networks 177 7th W. Microwave Network Analysis. 4.3 The Scattering Matrix 178 Reciprocal Networks and Lossless Networks 181 A Shift in Reference Planes 184 Power Waves and Generalized Scattering Parameters 185 4.4 The Transmission(ABCD)Matrix 188 Relation to Impedance Matrix 191 Equivalent Circuits for Two-Port Networks 191 10

  11. Course Description cont… 8th W. Microwave Network Analysis. 4.5 Signal Flow Graphs 194 Decomposition of Signal Flow Graphs 195 Application to Thru-Reflect-Line Network Analyzer Calibration 197 4.6 Discontinuities and Modal Analysis 203 Modal Analysis of an H-Plane Step in Rectangular Waveguide 203 11

  12. Course Description cont… 9th W. Microwave Network Analysis.. 4.7 Excitation of Waveguides—Electric and Magnetic Currents 210 Current Sheets That Excite Only One Waveguide Mode 210 Mode Excitation from an Arbitrary Electric or Magnetic Current Source 212 4.8 Excitation of Waveguides—Aperture Coupling 215 Coupling Through an Aperture in a Transverse Waveguide Wall 218 Coupling Through an Aperture in the Broad Wall of a Waveguide 220 10th W. Power Divider and couplers.. POWER DIVIDERS AND DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS 317 7.1 Basic Properties of Dividers and Couplers 317 Three-Port Networks (T-Junctions) 318 Four-Port Networks (Directional Couplers) 320 7.2 The T-Junction Power Divider 324 Lossless Divider 324 Resistive Divider 326 12

  13. Course Description cont… 11th W. Power Divider and couplers.. 7.3 The Wilkinson Power Divider 328 Even-Odd Mode Analysis 328 Unequal Power Division andN-Way Wilkinson Dividers 332 7.4 Waveguide Directional Couplers 333 Bethe Hole Coupler 334 Design of Multihole Couplers 338 7.5 The Quadrature (90◦) Hybrid 343 Even-Odd Mode Analysis 344 13

  14. Course Description cont… 12th W.. Power Divider and couplers.. 7.6 Coupled Line Directional Couplers 347 Coupled Line Theory 347 Design of Coupled Line Couplers 351 Design of Multisection Coupled Line Couplers 356 7.7 The Lange Coupler 359 13th W. Power Divider and couplers.. 7.9 Other Couplers 372 14th W. ACTIVE RF AND MICROWAVE DEVICES 524. 11.5 Microwave Tubes 552 15th W.. Review

  15. الأسبوع الأول introduction 15

  16. Introduction to Microwave Engineering

  17. The electromagnetic phenomena can be divided into two categories: Low frequency with high power (electrical machining, power generation, distribution electrical energy…) . High frequency but low power (communications, radar, satellites, optical fiber…) What happened if the frequency increase? What is the relation between frequency of electro magnetic waves and dimension of electric elements?

  18. What are Microwaves? 1  360  1 cm Electrical length = Physical length/Wavelength (expressed in ) Phase delay = (2 or 360) * Physical length/Wavelength RF f =10 kHz,  = c/f = 3 x 108/ 10 x 103 = 30000 m Electrical length =1 cm/30000 m = 0.33 x 10-6 , Phase delay = 0.00012 Microwave f =10 GHz,  = 3 x 108/ 10 x 109 = 3 cm !!! Electrical length = 0.33 , Phase delay = 118.8 Electrically long - The phase of a voltage or current changes significantly over the physical extent of the device

  19. EMI (electromagnetic interference EMC (electromagnetic comparable) Electromagnetic field behave when the frequency of operation is large. The phenomenon of electromagnetism is performed by the 4 Maxwell equations

  20. Applications of Microwave Engineering • Microwave oven, Radar, Satellite communication, direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television, personal communication systems (PCSs) etc. • The majority of today’s applications of RF and microwave technology are to wire-less networking and communications systems, wireless security systems, radar systems, environmental remote sensing, and medical systems. • Wireless connectivity promises to provide voice and data access to “anyone, anywhere, at any time. • Modern wireless telephony is based on the concept of cellular frequency reuse, a technique first proposed by Bell Labs in 1947-1988 • These early systems are usually referred to now as first generation cellular systems, or 1G.

  21. Applications of Microwave Engineering • Second-generation (2G) cellular systems achieved improved performance by using various digital modulation schemes, with systems such as GSM, CDMA, DAMPS, PCS, and PHS being some of the major standards introduced in the 1990s in the United States, Europe, and Japan. • These systems can handle digitized voice, as well as some limited data, with data rates typically in the 8 to 14 kbps range. • In recent years there has been a wide variety of new and modified standards to transition to handheld services that include voice, texting, data networking, positioning, and Internet access. • These standards are variously known as 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 3.75G, and 4G, with current plans to provide data rates up to at least 100 Mbps.

  22. Applications of Microwave Engineering • Satellite systems also depend on RF and microwave technology, and satellites have been developed to provide cellular (voice), video, and data connections worldwide. • Two large satellite constellations, Iridium and Global star, were deployed in the late 1990s to provide worldwide telephony service.(suffered from both technical drawbacks and weak business models and have led to multibillion dollar financial failures). • Smaller satellite systems, such as the Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system and the Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) system, have been extremely successful. • Wireless local area networks (WLANs) provide high-speed networking between computers over short distances. • One of the newer examples of wireless communications technology is ultra wide band (UWB) radio, where the broadcast signal occupies a very wide frequency band but with a very low power level (typically below the ambient radio noise level) to avoid interference with other systems. • In the commercial sector, radar technology is used for air traffic control, motion detectors (door openers and security alarms), vehicle collision avoidance, and distance measurement. • Scientific applications of radar include weather prediction, re-mote sensing of the atmosphere, the oceans, and the ground, as well as medical diagnostics and therapy.

  23. Electromagnetic Spectrum f=c/λ

  24. Microwave frequency range between 3 and 300 GHz. With a corresponding electrical wavelength between ( λ=10 cm and λ=1 mm ) respectively. • Signals with wave-lengths on the order of millimeters are often referred to as millimeter waves (1 MHz = 106 Hz) & (1 GHz = 109 Hz)

  25.  = 30 cm: f = 3 * 108/ 30 * 10-2 = 1 GHz  = 1 cm: f = 3 * 108/ 1* 10-2 = 30 GHz f= 30 GHz = 3 * 108/ 30 * 109 = 10 mm f= 300 GHz = 3 * 108/ 300 * 109 = 1 mm

  26. Types of Transmission Lines • Two wire line • Coaxial cable • Waveguide • Rectangular • Circular • Planar Transmission Lines • Strip line • Micro strip line • Slot line • Fin line • Coplanar Waveguide • Coplanar slot line

  27. Signal propagation: multipath and co-channel interference Complex reflecting and refracting environment

  28. Signal propagation: multipath and co-channel interference • The signal travel as a function of time (time varying electromagnetic fields) with multi path {fading phenomena}. • Then interference was don which cause destructive (- - -) or constructive (+++) of the signal. • So a good design of antenna systems will reduce the mobile communication interference.

  29. The first application of electromagnetic waves is the transmission line (TL). • (Time varying voltage and current) It is a medium which can transfer power from point to another.

  30. A B Vp VQ V A’ B’ l Transit time effect cause a time delay IfT>>tr Then: Ignore transit time effect

  31. How to account for the phase delay? Low Frequency Printed Circuit Trace Propagation delay negligible B A A B B Transmission line section! A Microwave Propagation delay considered l B B A A Zo,  Zo: characteristic impedance  (=+j): Propagation constant

  32. At much lower frequencies the wavelength is large enough that there is insignificant phase variation across the dimensions of a component. • Because of the high frequencies (and short wavelengths), standard circuit theory often cannot be used directly to solve microwave network problems. • Standard circuit theory is an approximation, or special case, of the broader theory of electromagnetic as described by Maxwell’s equations.

  33. The lumped circuit element approximations of circuit theory may not be valid at high RF and microwave frequencies, where one must work with Maxwell’s equations and their solutions. • Microwave components often act as distributed elements, where the phase of the voltage or current changes significantly related to device dimensions. • The solution interested in terminal quantities such as power, impedance, voltage, and current, which can be expressed in terms of circuit theory concepts.

  34. الأسبوع الثانى Transmission Line Theory 46

  35. Transmission Line Theory 47

  36. Introduction Transmission line theory bridges the gap between field analysis and basic circuit theory, which is important in the analysis of microwave circuits and devices. Any physical structure that guide the electromagnetic wave from place to place is called a Transmission Line (TL).

  37. Differences between Low and High Frequency Basic circuit theory & Transmission line theory • The key difference between circuit theory and transmission line theory is electrical size. • The circuit analysis assumes that the physical dimensions of the network are much smaller than the electrical wavelength. • TL may be a considerable fraction of a wavelength, in size. • The ordinary circuit analysis deals with lumped elements, where voltage and current do not vary appreciably over the physical dimension of the elements. • Thus a TL is a distributed parameter network, where voltages and currents can vary in magnitude and phase over its length.

  38. At low frequencies, the circuit elements are lumped since voltage and current waves affect the entire circuit at the same time. • At microwave frequencies, voltage and current waves do not affect the entire circuit at the same time. • The next relations are essential. Electrical length = Physical length/Wavelength (expressed in ) Phase delay = (2 or 360) x Physical length/Wavelength

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