Romanticism and Existentialism

1. Romanticism and Existentialism Chapter 7

3. Enlightenment Enlightenment (The Age of Reason): A period during which Western philosophy embraced the belief that unbiased reason or the objective methods of science could reveal the principles governing the universe. Once discovered these principles could be used for the betterment of humankind. -For enlightenment thinkers, �beliefs are to be accepted only on the basis of reason, not on the authority of priests, sacred texts, or tradition.� -Enlightenment thinkers generally included Empiricists, Positivists, and Rationalists. -Knowledge is power, knowledge is an understanding of the abstract principles governing the universe. -The most important human attribute was reasoning. -Devalued irrational aspects of humanity such as emotions. -Two critics of enlightenment philosophy were romanticism and existentialism. -For enlightenment thinkers, �beliefs are to be accepted only on the basis of reason, not on the authority of priests, sacred texts, or tradition.� -Enlightenment thinkers generally included Empiricists, Positivists, and Rationalists. -Knowledge is power, knowledge is an understanding of the abstract principles governing the universe. -The most important human attribute was reasoning. -Devalued irrational aspects of humanity such as emotions. -Two critics of enlightenment philosophy were romanticism and existentialism.

4. Romanticism Romanticism: The philosophy that stresses the uniqueness of each person and that values irrationality much more than rationality. According to the romantics, people can and should trust their own natural impulses. -Humans exist as more than intellect and ideas derived from experience. -Humans also possess irrational feelings, emotions, instincts, and intuitions. -Rational thought led people astray in their search for valid information. -Empiricism reduced people to unfeeling machines. -The good life was one lived honestly in accordance with one�s inner nature.-Humans exist as more than intellect and ideas derived from experience. -Humans also possess irrational feelings, emotions, instincts, and intuitions. -Rational thought led people astray in their search for valid information. -Empiricism reduced people to unfeeling machines. -The good life was one lived honestly in accordance with one�s inner nature.

6. RomanticismJean-Jacques Rousseau -Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712-1778) Considered the father of modern romanticism, Rousseau believed that human nature is basically good and that the best society is one in which people subjugate their individual will to the general will. The best education occurs when education is individualized and when a student's natural abilities and curiosity are recognized. -I�d have to say Rousseau was a real big loser. -Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712-1778) Considered the father of modern romanticism, Rousseau believed that human nature is basically good and that the best society is one in which people subjugate their individual will to the general will. The best education occurs when education is individualized and when a student's natural abilities and curiosity are recognized. -I�d have to say Rousseau was a real big loser.

7. RomanticismJean-Jacques RousseauFeelings versus reason The Social Contract (1762) �Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains� There was a faulty assumption floating around that humans need to be governed (thank you very much Thomas Hobbes!) The only justifiable government was one that allowed humans to reach their full potential (does this sound familiar?). -�Let us lay it down as an incontrovertible rule that the first impulses of human nature are always right; there is no original sin in the human heart.� -Humans are naturally good, society makes them bad.-�Let us lay it down as an incontrovertible rule that the first impulses of human nature are always right; there is no original sin in the human heart.� -Humans are naturally good, society makes them bad.

8. RomanticismJean-Jacques RousseauThe Noble Savage Noble Savage: Rousseau's term for a human not contaminated by society. Such a person, he believed, would live in accordance with his or her true feelings, would not be selfish, and would live harmoniously with other humans. Humans are by nature social animals that wish to live in harmony with other humans. -L'Enfant Sauvage -Victor of Aveyron is perhaps the best-known feral child. Victor is considered by many to be the first documented case of autism. -Found in the forest -Victor was first sighted wandering in the woods near Saint Sernin sur Rance, in southern France, at the end of the 18th century. He was captured but subsequently escaped, and wasn't retaken until January 1800 when he emerged from the woods. Aged about 12, he couldn't speak and bore a number of scars, suggesting he'd been in the wild for some time. -Human or animal? -Victor's discovery coincided with the age of Enlightenment, when debate raged about what exactly separated humans from animals, and he was thus ideal experimental fodder for the scientists. Victor eventually ended up with Itard, who wanted to teach him to speak and generally civilize him, but Itard made little progress. -What became of Victor? -Victor, the wild boy of Averyon, died at the age of 40 at an annex of the Paris Institution des Sourds-Muets. -L'Enfant Sauvage -Victor of Aveyron is perhaps the best-known feral child. Victor is considered by many to be the first documented case of autism. -Found in the forest -Victor was first sighted wandering in the woods near Saint Sernin sur Rance, in southern France, at the end of the 18th century. He was captured but subsequently escaped, and wasn't retaken until January 1800 when he emerged from the woods. Aged about 12, he couldn't speak and bore a number of scars, suggesting he'd been in the wild for some time. -Human or animal? -Victor's discovery coincided with the age of Enlightenment, when debate raged about what exactly separated humans from animals, and he was thus ideal experimental fodder for the scientists. Victor eventually ended up with Itard, who wanted to teach him to speak and generally civilize him, but Itard made little progress. -What became of Victor? -Victor, the wild boy of Averyon, died at the age of 40 at an annex of the Paris Institution des Sourds-Muets.

9. RomanticismJean-Jacques RousseauThe General Will Rousseau pondered how humans could be governed and still remain as free as possible. Each individual has a tendency to be selfish (private will) and a tendency to act in ways beneficial to the community (general will). General Will: The innate tendency to live harmoniously with one's fellow humans. For a government to be effective it must be based on the general will. -The social contract is: -�Each of us places in common his person and all of his power under the supreme direction of the general will; and as one body we will receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.� -If a person�s private will is contrary to the public will, he or she can be forced to follow the general will. -On private property, �the state, in relation to its members, is master of all their wealth�. -eminent domain-The social contract is: -�Each of us places in common his person and all of his power under the supreme direction of the general will; and as one body we will receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.� -If a person�s private will is contrary to the public will, he or she can be forced to follow the general will. -On private property, �the state, in relation to its members, is master of all their wealth�. -eminent domain

10. RomanticismJean-Jacques RousseauEducation Emile (1762), a novel describing the optimal setting for education. Education should take advantage of natural human impulses (in particular curiosity). Take advantage of situations in which natural skills and abilities can be nourished and actualized. Teacher responds to questions rather than trying to impose knowledge. As the child matures, so does intellect and the proper education changes as well.

11. RomanticismJohann Wolfgang von Goethe -Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832) Believed that life is characterized by choices between opposing forces and that much about humans is forever beyond scientific understanding. -Goethe was the author of Faust and Theory of Colours and inspired Darwin with his independent discovery of the human premaxilla jaw bones and focus on evolution. -In Faust, Dr. Faust is contemplating suicide when the devil appears and makes a deal. Satan could take Faust�s soul if Faust had an experience he wished would continue eternally. Faust asks that time stand still when he experiences people allowed to express their individual freedom. -The best life is one lived with passion and that results in self-expansion.-Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832) Believed that life is characterized by choices between opposing forces and that much about humans is forever beyond scientific understanding. -Goethe was the author of Faust and Theory of Colours and inspired Darwin with his independent discovery of the human premaxilla jaw bones and focus on evolution. -In Faust, Dr. Faust is contemplating suicide when the devil appears and makes a deal. Satan could take Faust�s soul if Faust had an experience he wished would continue eternally. Faust asks that time stand still when he experiences people allowed to express their individual freedom. -The best life is one lived with passion and that results in self-expansion.

12. RomanticismArthur Schopenhauer Born in Sztutowo (Stutthof) near Danzig (Gdansk), in a Polish exclave on the Baltic Sea, surrounded by the Kingdom of Prussia. The name Arthur was selected by his father especially because it was the same in English, German, and French Studied at the University of Gottingen and was awarded a PhD from the University of Jena. Worked at University of Berlin and scheduled classes overlapping Hegel to see if he could get students. Nope! He quit lecturing. -Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860) Believed that the will to survive is the most powerful human motive. Life is characterized by a cycle of needs and need satisfaction, and need satisfaction simply postpones death. The most people can do is to minimize the irrational forces operating within them by sublimating or repressing those forces. -Mother ran an artistic and intellectual salon in Weimar frequented by many luminaries, including Goethe. Goethe suggested to Johanna Schopenhauer that Arthur was destined for great things. She disagreed saying that she had never heard that there could be two geniuses in the same family. -While in Berlin, Schopenhauer became involved in a consuming lawsuit from a Caroline Marquet. She asked for damages from him, a man of independent means, on the basis that she was injured when Schopenhauer allegedly pushed her. After noisily attracting Schopenhauer's attention, she was known to be prostrate outside of his apartment. She then claimed that the philosopher had assaulted and battered her after she refused to leave his doorway. In this manner, Marquet succeeded in gaining a portion of Schopenhauer's limited wealth. His reputation was permanently damaged by her legal machination. -Schopenhauer had a view of women which was harsh, even for the time.-Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860) Believed that the will to survive is the most powerful human motive. Life is characterized by a cycle of needs and need satisfaction, and need satisfaction simply postpones death. The most people can do is to minimize the irrational forces operating within them by sublimating or repressing those forces. -Mother ran an artistic and intellectual salon in Weimar frequented by many luminaries, including Goethe. Goethe suggested to Johanna Schopenhauer that Arthur was destined for great things. She disagreed saying that she had never heard that there could be two geniuses in the same family. -While in Berlin, Schopenhauer became involved in a consuming lawsuit from a Caroline Marquet. She asked for damages from him, a man of independent means, on the basis that she was injured when Schopenhauer allegedly pushed her. After noisily attracting Schopenhauer's attention, she was known to be prostrate outside of his apartment. She then claimed that the philosopher had assaulted and battered her after she refused to leave his doorway. In this manner, Marquet succeeded in gaining a portion of Schopenhauer's limited wealth. His reputation was permanently damaged by her legal machination. -Schopenhauer had a view of women which was harsh, even for the time.

13. RomanticismArthur SchopenhauerWill to Survive The World as Will and Representation (1818) Will to Survive: The powerful need to perpetuate one's life by satisfying one's biological needs. A blind aimless force. The pain caused by an unsatisfied need causes us to act to satisfy the need. When we satisfy a need we feel pleasure until a new need arises. -The Will to survive explains ALL motivation (very hedonistic).-The Will to survive explains ALL motivation (very hedonistic).

14. RomanticismArthur SchopenhauerIntelligent Beings Suffer the Most Suffering varies with awareness Plants do not suffer pain Humans suffer most, especially intelligent humans. In such wisdom is much grief; and he that hath increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow; Ecclesiastes. Suffering due to wisdom has a nobility to it. The life of a fool, though with less suffering, is without higher meaning. -According to Schopenhauer, highly intelligent people ought to seek solitude: -It allows him or her to be alone with their thoughts. -It prevents needing to deal with intellectually inferior people which constitute the vast majority. -�Almost all our sufferings spring from having to do with other people� -According to Schopenhauer, highly intelligent people ought to seek solitude: -It allows him or her to be alone with their thoughts. -It prevents needing to deal with intellectually inferior people which constitute the vast majority. -�Almost all our sufferings spring from having to do with other people�

15. RomanticismArthur SchopenhauerA Life-and-Death Struggle Life is the postponement of death. Death must always be the ultimate victor. People cling to life not because it is pleasant, but rather because they fear death.

16. RomanticismArthur SchopenhauerThe Importance of the Unconscious Mind All humans have positive (rational) and negative (animalistic) impulses. �Consciousness is the mere surface of our mind, and of this, as of the globe, we do not know the interior, but only the crust.� Schopenhauer discussed repressing undesirable thoughts and the resistance one would feel when these thoughts try to surface. -Schopenhauer also identified the defense mechanisms of sublimation and denial.-Schopenhauer also identified the defense mechanisms of sublimation and denial.

17. Existentialism Existentialism: The philosophy that examines the meaning in life and stresses the freedom that humans have to choose their own destiny. Like romanticism, existentialism stresses subjective experience and the uniqueness of each individual. -Existentialism was also a rebellion against the Empirical, Positivistic, and Rational philosophies of the enlightenment. -Existentialism emphasized the meaning in one�s life and the ability to freely choose that meaning. -The most important aspect of humans are their personal, subjective interpretations of life and the choices that they make in light of those interpretations.-Existentialism was also a rebellion against the Empirical, Positivistic, and Rational philosophies of the enlightenment. -Existentialism emphasized the meaning in one�s life and the ability to freely choose that meaning. -The most important aspect of humans are their personal, subjective interpretations of life and the choices that they make in light of those interpretations.

18. ExistentialismS�ren Aabye Kierkegaard -Kierkegaard, S�ren (1813-1855) Believed that religion had become too rational and mechanical. He believed that a relationship with God should be an intensely personal and a highly emotional experience, like a love affair. Taking the existence of God on faith makes God a living truth for a person, thus Kierkegaard contended that truth is subjectivity. -S�ren Kierkegaard was born to an affluent family in Copenhagen. His father, Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard, was a strongly religious man. Convinced that he had earned God's wrath, he believed that none of his children would live to the age of 34. The sins necessitating this punishment, he believed, included cursing the name of God in his youth, and possibly impregnating Kierkegaard's mother out of wedlock. In fact, his predictions were realized for all but two of his seven children. -Kierkegaard, S�ren (1813-1855) Believed that religion had become too rational and mechanical. He believed that a relationship with God should be an intensely personal and a highly emotional experience, like a love affair. Taking the existence of God on faith makes God a living truth for a person, thus Kierkegaard contended that truth is subjectivity. -S�ren Kierkegaard was born to an affluent family in Copenhagen. His father, Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard, was a strongly religious man. Convinced that he had earned God's wrath, he believed that none of his children would live to the age of 34. The sins necessitating this punishment, he believed, included cursing the name of God in his youth, and possibly impregnating Kierkegaard's mother out of wedlock. In fact, his predictions were realized for all but two of his seven children.

19. ExistentialismS�ren Aabye KierkegaardReligion as too Rational and Mechanical Lutheran church was official church of Denmark. All schools required religious training Clergy became civil servants. State control of religion is counter to the individual nature of religion. Too many Christians were praying and accepting church dogma reflexively rather than letting it touch them emotionally. -Similarly, science is too mechanistic, it prevents us from viewing humans as emotional and choosing beings. -Early in his studies he rejected Christianity and embraced Hegel, later he rejected Hegel and embraced Christianity. -The Christianity he embraced was a purely personal one, not one dictated by a church. -At Kierkegaard's burial at Assistents Cemetery, his nephew Henrik Lund caused a disturbance by protesting that Kierkegaard was being buried by the official church even though in his life he had broken from and denounced it. Lund was later fined. -Similarly, science is too mechanistic, it prevents us from viewing humans as emotional and choosing beings. -Early in his studies he rejected Christianity and embraced Hegel, later he rejected Hegel and embraced Christianity. -The Christianity he embraced was a purely personal one, not one dictated by a church. -At Kierkegaard's burial at Assistents Cemetery, his nephew Henrik Lund caused a disturbance by protesting that Kierkegaard was being buried by the official church even though in his life he had broken from and denounced it. Lund was later fined.

20. ExistentialismS�ren Aabye Kierkegaard Truth is Subjectivity Truth cannot be taught by logical argument, truth must be experienced. The more logical we are in trying to understand God, the less we comprehend Him. God cannot be understood logically, He must be taken on faith. Because we cannot know God objectively, we must have faith in Him. -Using logic to understand Jesus reveals the following problems: -Christ is both God and man -He is eternal truth existing in finite time -He lived two thousand years ago but also exists presently -He violates natural law with his miracles. -We must have faith in eternal truths because there is no way to embrace them objectively.-Using logic to understand Jesus reveals the following problems: -Christ is both God and man -He is eternal truth existing in finite time -He lived two thousand years ago but also exists presently -He violates natural law with his miracles. -We must have faith in eternal truths because there is no way to embrace them objectively.

21. ExistentialismS�ren Aabye Kierkegaard Approximations to Personal Freedom The approximation of full personal freedom occurs in stages: Aesthetic Stage: The person delights in many experiences but does not exercise his or her freedom. Ethical Stage: The person makes ethical decisions but uses principles developed by others as a guide in making them. Religious Stage: The person recognizes his or her freedom and chooses to enter into a personal relationship with God. -Approximation of full personal freedom occurs in stages: -Aesthetic stage-People are hedonistic and do not recognize their ability to choose. -Ethical stage-Using the morality imposed by others to make choices. -Religious stage-The nature of the relationship with God is not influenced by others� rules. People at this stage see possibilities in life that others do not, therefore, people in this stage are often nonconformists. -These stages remind me an awful lot of the stages of moral development. -Approximation of full personal freedom occurs in stages: -Aesthetic stage-People are hedonistic and do not recognize their ability to choose. -Ethical stage-Using the morality imposed by others to make choices. -Religious stage-The nature of the relationship with God is not influenced by others� rules. People at this stage see possibilities in life that others do not, therefore, people in this stage are often nonconformists. -These stages remind me an awful lot of the stages of moral development.

22. ExistentialismFriedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche -Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844-1900) Claimed that humans could no longer rely on religious superstition or metaphysical speculation as guides for living; instead, they must determine life's meaning for themselves. By exercising their will for power, people can continue to grow and overcome conventional morality. The term superman described those who experimented with life and feelings and engaged in continuous self-overcoming. -Studied at University of Bonn (he didn�t like his beer drinking classmates) and the University of Leipzig. He was offered a professorship in classical philology at the University of Basel even though he never finished his doctorate. -Started a relationship with the daughter of a Russian general (Lou Salome) when he was 37 and she was 21. She twice rejected his marriage proposal. -Lou Salome went on to become one of Freud�s inner circle of supporters.-Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844-1900) Claimed that humans could no longer rely on religious superstition or metaphysical speculation as guides for living; instead, they must determine life's meaning for themselves. By exercising their will for power, people can continue to grow and overcome conventional morality. The term superman described those who experimented with life and feelings and engaged in continuous self-overcoming. -Studied at University of Bonn (he didn�t like his beer drinking classmates) and the University of Leipzig. He was offered a professorship in classical philology at the University of Basel even though he never finished his doctorate. -Started a relationship with the daughter of a Russian general (Lou Salome) when he was 37 and she was 21. She twice rejected his marriage proposal. -Lou Salome went on to become one of Freud�s inner circle of supporters.

23. ExistentialismFriedrich Wilhelm NietzscheThe Apollonian and Dionysian Aspects of Humans There are two aspects of human nature: Apollonian Aspect of Human Nature: That part of us that seeks order, tranquility, and predictability. Dionysian Aspect of Human Nature: That part of us that seeks chaos, adventure, and passionate experiences. The best art and literature reflect a fusion of these things. The best life reflects controlled, reasonable passion. -Nietzsche felt that western philosophy had emphasized the intellect and minimized the human passions, creating a lifeless rationalism. -Do not just live, live with passion. -Not a totally irrational life but a life of reasonable passion. -A life worthy of both Apollo and Dionysus.-Nietzsche felt that western philosophy had emphasized the intellect and minimized the human passions, creating a lifeless rationalism. -Do not just live, live with passion. -Not a totally irrational life but a life of reasonable passion. -A life worthy of both Apollo and Dionysus.

24. ExistentialismFriedrich Wilhelm NietzscheNietzsche the Psychologist The goal of Nietzchian psychology is to help individual gain control of their powerful irrational impulses and live creative and healthy lives. The Dionysian tendency (�barbarian�) if left uncontrolled, would destroy us. Dionysian expression is always modified by the Apollonian rationality. Without the Dionysian content, the Apollonian aspect of personality would be without emotion. -Anticipating Freud: -The urges of the Dionysian tendency were referred to as das es, or the id. -Apollonian rationality can repress Dionysian impulses. -��I have done that�, says the memory. �I cannot have done that�, says my pride and remains unshakeable. Finally memory yields.� -In opposition to Freud: -We are potentially free -If we live in accordance with the moral standards of others, we are slaves. -If we use the will to power to create a unique personality, we are free. -The difference between freedom and slavery is a matter of choice.-Anticipating Freud: -The urges of the Dionysian tendency were referred to as das es, or the id. -Apollonian rationality can repress Dionysian impulses. -��I have done that�, says the memory. �I cannot have done that�, says my pride and remains unshakeable. Finally memory yields.� -In opposition to Freud: -We are potentially free -If we live in accordance with the moral standards of others, we are slaves. -If we use the will to power to create a unique personality, we are free. -The difference between freedom and slavery is a matter of choice.

25. ExistentialismFriedrich Wilhelm NietzscheThe Death of God �Is man just one of God�s mistakes. Or is God just one of man�s?� God is dead and the philosophers and scientists had killed him! Philosophers took purpose from the universe and took away our special place at the center. Humans are on their own! There are no abstract truths waiting to be discovered, only individual perspectives (perspectivism). -Evolutionary theory shows we are but an animal. -Evolution does not even imply improvement. -Astronomy showed that humans do not live in the special place, just a blob of mud, not even the biggest blob. -Without religion humans are left in a �cosmic tabula rasa� -Perspectivism-Nietzsche's contention that there are no universal truths, only individual perspectives. -Evolutionary theory shows we are but an animal. -Evolution does not even imply improvement. -Astronomy showed that humans do not live in the special place, just a blob of mud, not even the biggest blob. -Without religion humans are left in a �cosmic tabula rasa� -Perspectivism-Nietzsche's contention that there are no universal truths, only individual perspectives.

26. ExistentialismFriedrich Wilhelm NietzscheWill to Power Humans need to acquire knowledge about themselves, then act on that knowledge. Self examination reveals the most basic human motive: Will to Power: The basic human need to become stronger, more complete, more superior. While satisfying the will to power, a person continually becomes something other than what he or she was. -Meaning and morality cannot be imposed from the outside, they must be discovered within. -�The will to power is the primitive motive force out of which all other motives are derived.� -All conceptions of good, bad, and happiness are related to the will to power. -The master human motive is will to power, not self-preservation as Schopenhauer and Spinoza had claimed. -Meaning and morality cannot be imposed from the outside, they must be discovered within. -�The will to power is the primitive motive force out of which all other motives are derived.� -All conceptions of good, bad, and happiness are related to the will to power. -The master human motive is will to power, not self-preservation as Schopenhauer and Spinoza had claimed.

27. ExistentialismFriedrich Wilhelm NietzscheSupermen The will to power causes people to seek new experiences and reach their full potential. Such growth cannot be impeded by conventional morality. Superman: Those individuals who have the courage to rise above conventional morality and herd conformity and to follow their own inclinations instead. The German word �bermensch can be translated as "overman," "higher man," or "superman." -Nietzsche described Superman in Thus Spoke Zarathustra. -After 10 years of solitude and contemplation in the mountains, Zarathustra returns to civilization and shares his insights. -�Man is something that should be overcome.� -�The Superman is the meaning of the earth� -�I entreat you, my brothers, remain true to the earth, and do not believe those who speak to you of superterrestrial hopes!�-Nietzsche described Superman in Thus Spoke Zarathustra. -After 10 years of solitude and contemplation in the mountains, Zarathustra returns to civilization and shares his insights. -�Man is something that should be overcome.� -�The Superman is the meaning of the earth� -�I entreat you, my brothers, remain true to the earth, and do not believe those who speak to you of superterrestrial hopes!�

28. ExistentialismFriedrich Wilhelm NietzscheSupermen Humans are in a precarious position. We are no longer animals, and God, being dead, can no longer help us. �Man is a rope, fastened between animal and Superman� If every individual strove to be all they could, most general human problems would solve themselves. A prerequisite for improvement is self-love. The meaning and morality of one�s life comes from within oneself. -Supermen explore as many of the possibilities of life as possible. -Religions that teach pity, humility, submissiveness, self-contempt, self-restraint, guilt, or a sense of community are simply incorrect. -The good life is ever-changing, challenging, devoid of regret, intense, creative, and risky. -Of course he was describing those characteristics he felt he himself possessed. -Repressive civilization is the primary cause of human�s mental anguish. -Nietzsche advised people to use their will to power to combine the Dionysian and Apollonian tendencies in a unique way. -Each individual must find their own meaning of life, DO NOT take what others tell you!-Supermen explore as many of the possibilities of life as possible. -Religions that teach pity, humility, submissiveness, self-contempt, self-restraint, guilt, or a sense of community are simply incorrect. -The good life is ever-changing, challenging, devoid of regret, intense, creative, and risky. -Of course he was describing those characteristics he felt he himself possessed. -Repressive civilization is the primary cause of human�s mental anguish. -Nietzsche advised people to use their will to power to combine the Dionysian and Apollonian tendencies in a unique way. -Each individual must find their own meaning of life, DO NOT take what others tell you!

29. Philosophical Perspectives and Modern Psychology Empiricism/Sensationalism and Positivism Modern experimental psychology and behaviorism Rationalism Modern cognitive psychology Gestalt psychology Romanticism and Existentialism Modern humanistic psychology Psychoanalysis