-ING AND ED CLAUSES

1. -ING AND �ED CLAUSES ( �the girl talking to Tom�, �the man injured in the accident�)

2. A clause is a part of a sentence. Some clauses begin with : �ing or : �ed. - Do you know the girl talking to Tom? ( -ing clause ). - The man injured in the accident was taken to hospital. ( -ed clause ).

3. We use �ing clause to say what someone ( or something) is doing or was doing at a particular time. E.g : - Do you know the girl talking to Tom? ( The girl is talking to Tom). - The policemen investigating the robbery are looking for three men. ( The policemen are investigating the robbery). - I was woken up by a bell ringing. ( The bell was ringing ).

4. - Who was that man standing outside? ( The man was standing outside ). - Can you hear someone singing ? ( Someone is singing ?

5. -When we are talking about things ( and sometimes people), you can use an �ing clause for permanent characteristics ( what something does all the time, not just at a particular time ): -E.g: The road joining the two villages is very narrow. ( The road joins the two villages ). - I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden. (The room overlooks the garden ).

6. -ed clauses have a passive meaning: E.g: -The man injured in the accident was taken to hospital. ( The man was injured in the accident ). - None of the people invited to the party can come. ( The people have been invited to the party ).

7. - injured and invited are past participle ( Verb III ). Many verbs have irregular past-participle which do not end in �ed. For example: stolen /made/bought/ written etc: - The money stolen in the robbery was never found. ( the money was stolen in the robbery). - Most of the goods made in the factory are exported. ( the goods are made in this factory ).

8. We often use �ing and �ed clauses after there is/there was etc: - Is there anybody waiting to see me? - There were some children swimming in the river. - When I arrived, there was a big red car parked outside the house.

9. Adjectives ending in �ing and �ed ( boring / bored etc) - There are many pairs of adjectives ending in �ing and �ed. For example: boring and bored. -Study this example: Jane has been doing the same job for a very long time. Every day she does exactly the same thing again and again. She doesn�t enjoy it any more and would like to do something different. -Jane�s job is boring. - Jane is bored ( with her job ).

10. Someone is �ed if something ( or someone ) is � ing. Or, if something is �ing, it makes you � ed. - Jane is bored because her job is boring. - Jane�s job is boring, so Jane is bored. (Not Jane is boring)

11. Now study these examples: Someone is interested because something (or someone) is interesting: - Tom is interested in politics. (not *interesting in politics*) - Tom finds politics interesting - Are you interested in buying a car? - Did you meet anyone interesting at the party?

12. Now study these examples:( Cont.) Someone is surprised because something is surprising. - Everyone was surprised that he passed the examination. - It was quite surprising that he passed the examination.

13. Now study these examples: (Cont.) Someone is disappointed because something is disappointing: - I was disappointed with the film. I expected it to be much better. - The film was disappointing. I excepted it to be much better.

14. Now study these examples: ( Cont.) Someone is tired because something is tiring: - He is always very tired when he gets home from work. - he has a very tiring job.

15. b. Other pairs of adjectives ending in � ing and �ed are: Fascinating fascinated Exciting excited Amusing amused Amazing amazed Astonishing astonished Shocking shocked Disgusting disgusted Embarrassing embarrassed Confusing confused

16. b. Other pairs of adjectives ending in � ing and �ed are: Horrifying horrified Terrifying terrified Frightening frightened Depressing depressed Worrying worried Annoying annoyed Exhausting exhausted Satisfying satisfied