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Explore the concepts of material and nonmaterial culture, including beliefs, values, norms, and subcultures. Learn about cultural diffusion, ethnocentrism, and cultural relativism. Discover the impact of culture on social emotions and the challenges of culture shock.
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Chapter 3, Culture Key Terms
material cultureAll physical objects that people have borrowed, discovered or invented and to which they have attached meaning. • nonmaterial cultureIntagne creations or things that we cannot identify directly thought seems.
beliefsConceptions that people accept as true, concerning how the world operates and where the individual fits in relationship to others. • valuesGeneral, shared conceptions of what is good, right, appropriate, worthwhile and important with regard to conduct, appearance and states of being.
normsWritten and unwritten rules that specify behaviors appropriate and inappropriate to a particular social situation. • folkwaysNorms that apply to the mundane aspects or details of daily life.
moresNorms that people define as essential to the well-being of a group. • denotationA literal definition.
connotationThe set of associations that a word evokes. • idiomA group of words that when taken together, have a meaning different from the internal meaning of each word understood on its own.
social emotionsInternal bodily sensation that we experience in relationships with other people. • feeling rulesNorms that specify appropriate ways to express internal sensations.
diffusionThe process by which an idea, an invention, or some other cultural item is borrowed from a foreign source. • culture shockThe strain that people from one culture experience when they must reorient themselves to the ways of a new culture.
reentry shockCulture shock in reverse; it is experienced upon retiring home after living in another culture. • ethnocentrismA view point that uses one culture as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways.
cultural genocideA form of ethnocentrism in which the people of one society define the culture of another society not as merely offensive, but as so intolerable that they attempt to destroy it. • reverse ethnocentrismA type of ethnocentrism in which the home culture is regarded as inferior to a foreign culture.
cultural relativismThe perspective that foreign culture should not be judged by the standards of a home culture and that a behavior or way of thinking must be examined in its cultural context. • subculturesGroups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, language or material culture.
institutionally completeSubcultures whose members do not interact with anyone outside their subculture to shop for food, attend school, receive medical care, or find companions because the subculture satisfies those needs.
