Beginnings of an American Identity, 1689–1763

Beginnings of an American Identity, 1689–1763 • American colonists develop common values and establish a foundation for representative government. Britain defeats France in the French and Indian War.

An American Identity Chapter Tour

Essential Question: How did the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment contribute to the new American Identity?

The Voyage of the Mayflower • Pilgrims - Separatist religious group; separate from Church of England. Escape persecution, sail to America, land at Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620) • To establish order they sign the Mayflower Compact: • vow to obey laws agreed upon for the good of the colony • establishes idea of self-government, majority rule

Left Page of your notes:

5-1: Early American Culture • The British colonies are shaped by prosperity, literacy, and new movements in religion and thought.

Land, Rights, and Wealth • Cheap farmland, many resources give colonists chance to prosper • Property owners, landowners, city dwellers who pay fee could vote • American colonies have three classes: • high rank - large landowners • middle rank - small farmers • low rank - servants, slaves, hired workers • Colonial women hold the same rank as their husbands or fathers

Women and the Economy • Enslaved African women help raise cash crops • Most white women are farm wives: do housework, tend gardens, animals • Also work in fields, barter with neighbors for goods and services • Women in towns do housework, some run inns, businesses • Women could not vote, preach, or hold office • Women could not own property without husband’s permission Some women ran shops such as this China Shop

Young People at Work • Colonial families often large; more children means more workers • At age 6, boys are “breeched,” help father at work • At age 11, boys often become apprentices - learn trade from craftsmen • Work free 4-7 years; receive necessities, training; then work for wages • Girls rarely apprenticed, learn household skills from mother • At age 13 or 14, often sent to households to learn specialized skills

What does the picture suggest to you about Colonial Schooling? From The Text (137) What do you see?

Colonial Schooling • Most children are taught to read to understand Bible • Only children from rich families learn writing, arithmetic • Textbooks emphasize religion • Colonial America has high literacy rate • Educated African Americans rare; illegal to teach slaves to read Early Colonial Schooling

The Great Awakening • Many colonists lose religious passion; religion seems dry, distant • In 1730s, 1740s, the Great Awakening religious movement is influential: • emphasizes inner religious emotion • deemphasizes outward religious behavior • Jonathan Edwards is a popular preacher involved with Great Awakening

The Great Awakening • Great Awakening changes colonial culture: • congregations argue about religious practices, split apart • many join other Protestant groups • some groups welcome women • some groups welcome African Americans, Native Americans • Inspires George Whitefield; sermons raise money for home for orphans Great Awakening encourages equality, right to challenge authority, right to individual choice.

The Enlightenment • The Enlightenment emphasizes knowledge through reason, science • Benjamin Franklin is famous American Enlightenment figure • English philosopher John Locke says people have natural rights: • rights to life, liberty, property • natural rights protected by government • if government fails, people have right to change it!! John Locke’s ideas about natural rights & government influence the American Government that we have!

GET THIS DOWN! • Natural Rights • Separation of powers • Political equity These teachings of the enlightenment thinkers are the basis for: The United States Democratic Government!!

Finishing The Notes • Summarize this section, focusing on the essential question you wrote at the top of your notes. • Quiz Time!

Quiz a. Jonathan Edwards b. Enlightenment c. Benjamin Franklin d. Great Awakening e. John Locke f. George Whitefield a religious movement that swept through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s a traveling minister who drew thousands with his sermons and started a home for orphans a businessperson and inventor who became one of the best known political thinkers in the colonies an English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property a movement that emphasized reason and science as the paths to knowledge a traveling minister who preached terrifying sermons about God’s anger but promised listeners they could be saved

5-2: Roots of Representative Government • Colonists expect their government to preserve their basic rights as English subjects.

Essential Question: What is the significance of the Magna Carta & the English Bill of Rights for the colonists?

From The Text (142) Translate: What are 3 things that cannot be done to a freeman under the Magna Carta? “No freeman shall be seized, imprisoned, dispossessed, outlawed, or exiled…nor will we proceed against or prosecute him except by the lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land.” - Magna Carta

The Rights of Englishmen • In 1215, King John is forced to accept Magna Carta (Great Charter) • Magna Carta grants rights to English noblemen and freemen: • cannot have property seized by king or his officials • in most cases, cannot be taxed unless council agrees • cannot be put on trial without witnesses • can be punished only by jury of peers • Over time, rights of Magna Carta are granted to all English people

Parliament and Colonial Government • Parliament - England’s chief lawmaking body has two houses: • members of House of Commons are elected by the people • members of House of Lords are nonelected • English colonists form representative assemblies like House of Commons • English colonists govern themselves in some ways • England has authority over colonial governments • Parliament has no colonial representatives • Passes laws that affect colonies • Colonists dislike these laws, clash with king-appointed royal governor

A Royal Governor’s Rule • James II becomes king (1685), imposes strict rule on colonies • Combines Massachusetts and Northern colonies into one dominion • Appoints royal governor Edmund Andros to rule dominion • Andros ends representative assemblies; colonists refuse to pay taxes Governor Edmund Andros

England’s Glorious Revolution • William and Mary uphold the English Bill of Rights (1689): • monarch cannot cancel laws, • monarch cannot impose taxes unless Parliament agrees • free elections, frequent meetings of Parliament • excessive fines and cruel punishment forbidden • people can complain to monarch without being arrested • Establishes government based on law, not on desires of ruler • American colonists claim the rights from the English Bill of Rights. • English Parliament overthrows King James, appoints William and Mary • Change in leadership is called England’s Glorious Revolution (1688)

Shared Power in the Colonies • After Glorious Revolution, Massachusetts regains self-government • Still have king-appointed royal governor • Governor, his council, colonial assembly share power • Royal governor can strike down laws • Colonial assembly responsible for governor’s salary • If governor blocks law, assembly might refuse to pay him • England has little involvement in colonial affairs - salutary neglect • Governors rarely enforce certain laws; colonists feel independent

The Zenger Trial • John Peter Zenger - publisher of New-York Weekly Journal • In 1735, he prints criticism of New York’s governor • At the time, illegal to criticize government in print • Stands trial; jury says he has right to speak truth • Is released; colonists move toward freedom of press

1. The first steps to limit the power of England’s king were taken in the a. Parliament. b. Glorious Revolution. c. Magna Carta. d. English Bill of Rights. 2. British laws that affected the colonies were made by a. the king. b. the Parliament. c. the House of Burgesses. d. the Magna Carta. 3. The ruling family of England changed as a result of a. the Glorious Revolution. b. the Magna Carta. c. the English Bill of Rights. d. salutary neglect. 4. The principle that government should be based on laws and not on the whims of a ruler was established by a. the Parliament. b. the Magna Carta. c. the Glorious Revolution. d. the English Bill of Rights. 5. The English policy of interfering very little in colonial affairs was called a. the hands-off policy. b. the Bill of Rights. c. salutary neglect. d. council rights.

5-3: The French and Indian War • Britain’s victory in the French and Indian War forces France to give up its North American colonies.

Essential Question: What events led to the Proclamation of 1763?

France Claims Western Lands • French claim territory from Appalachian range to Rocky Mountains (1682) • Main French settlements along the St. Lawrence River in Canada • Colony of New France’s population about 80,000 (1760) • British colonies’ population more than a million settlers (1760) • Many Europeans in New France work as fur traders

Native American Alliances • English compete with French for furs • Native American groups compete to supply furs to Europeans • Huron, Algonquin peoples allies of French; Iroquois allies of English • Series of wars between French, English, and Native American allies • Final war is the French and Indian War (1754–1763)

Conflict in the Ohio River Valley • British fur traders move into Ohio River Valley (1750s) • French destroy village and British trading post to keep British out • French build forts to protect region; Virginia colony upset, claim region • French refuse to leave, capture English fort, rename it Fort Duquesne

War Begins and Spreads • George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French troops (1754) • French and Indian War part of larger Seven Years’ War • Seven Years’ War is worldwide struggle for empire between Britain, France • Iroquois refuse to ally themselves with British • Benjamin Franklin’s plan to unite colonies - Albany Plan of Union • Colonial legislatures defeat this plan Fort Necessity

Braddock’s Defeat • British send General Edward Braddock, two regiments to Virginia • Braddock and his troops defeated by French and Indian troops (1755) Braddock killed; second-in-command Washington miraculously survives

The British Take Quebec • By 1759, British control six French forts • For two months British unable to capture the fort at Quebec • Finally, British troops sneak up cliff path, attack fort in morning • British commander James Wolfe, French commander Montcalm killed • British defeat French at Battle of Quebec; turning point of war

The Treaty of Paris • Britain, France battle in other parts of world three more years • Seven Years’ War ends in 1763; British win • Treaty of Paris: • Britain claims all of North America east of the Mississippi River • France gives New Orleans and Louisiana territory to Spain • ends French power in North America

Pontiac’s Rebellion • British settlers move onto Native American lands • Native Americans attack settlers, destroy forts - Pontiac’s Rebellion

From The Text (151) What does General Amherst want the army to do to the Delaware Indians? What is his purpose? “Could it not be contrived to send the Small Pox among those disaffected tribes of Indians? We must on this occasion use every stratagem in our power to reduce them.”

Pontiac’s Rebellion • British settlers move onto Native American lands • Native Americans attack settlers, destroy forts - Pontiac’s Rebellion • British give Delaware war leaders smallpox-infected blankets • This starts deadly outbreak; Native Americans retreat • British issue Proclamation of 1763: • forbids colonists to settle west of Appalachians • angers colonists who thought they had won right to settle

Albany Plan of Union • Battle of Quebec • c. French and Indian War • d. Pontiac’s Uprising • e. Proclamation of 1763 • f. Treaty of Paris • ______ 1. This forbade the English colonists from settling on lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. • ______ 2. Conflicts over land and the fur trade caused this. • ______ 3. This was the turning point of the French and Indian War. • ______ 4. Benjamin Franklin first proposed this. • ______ 5. This led to the Proclamation of 1763. • ______ 6. This ended the French colonization of North America.

I AM: John Locke Pontiac

Beginnings of an American Identity, 1689–1763

Beginnings of an American Identity, 1689–1763

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