Recap of Session VII

1. Recap of Session VII Recap of Session VII Chapter II: Mathematical Modeling • Mathematical Modeling of Mechanical systems • Mathematical Modeling of Electrical systems • Models of Hydraulic Systems • Liquid Level System • Fluid Power System

2. Mathematical Modeling: Thermal Systems Tov Tamb qin = heat inflow rate Tov = Temperature of the oven Tamb = Ambient Temperature T = Rise in Temperature = (Tov - Tamb) Oven qout Parts qin Example: Heat treatment oven Mathematical Modeling: Thermal Systems

3. Mathematical Modeling: Thermal Systems-I From Law of Conservation Energy qin = heat inflow rate qin = qs + qout --- (1) qout = heat loss through the walls of the oven qs = Rate at which heat is stored (Rate at which heat is absorbed by the parts)

4. Thermal Resistance: R= --- (a) Thermal Capacitance = C = Q/T Heat stored = --- (b) Mathematical Modeling: Thermal Systems-II

5. Substitute (a) and (b) in (1) qin = qs + qout --- (1) Model Mathematical Modeling: Thermal Systems-III

6. Chapter III: System Response • Prediction of the performance of control systems requires • Obtaining the differential equations • Solutions • System behaviour can be expressed as a function of time • Such a study: System response or system analysis in time domain Chapter III: System Response

7. System Response in Time Domain • System Response: The output obtained corresponding to a given Input. • Total response: Two parts • Transient Response (yt) • Steady state response (yss) • Total response is the sum of steady state response and transient response • y = yt + yss System Response in Time Domain

8. Transient Response (yt): Transient Response (yt): • Initial state of response and has some specific characteristics which are functions of time. • Continues until the output becomes steady. • Usually dies out after a short interval of time. • Tends to zero as time tends to ∞

9. Steady State Response (yss) Steady State Response (yss) • Ultimate Response obtained after some interval of time • Response obtained after all the transients die out • It is not independent of time • As time approaches to infinity system response attains a fixed pattern

10. When the weight is added the deflection abruptly increases • System oscillates violently for some time (Transient) • Settles down to a steady value (Steady state) Transient SS Transient and Steady-state Response of a spring system Transient and Steady-state Response of a spring system

11. Steady State Error • Steady State Response may not agree with Input • Difference is called steady state error • Steady state error = Input – Steady state response Input Input or Response Steady state error Response t ∞ Time t =0 Steady State Error

12. Test Input Signals Test Input Signals • Systems are subjected to a variety of input signals (working conditions) • Most cases it is very difficult to predict the type of input signal • Impossible to express the signals by means of Mathematical Models

13. Common Input Signals • Common Input Signals • - Step Input • - Ramp Input • - Sinusoidal • - Parabolic • - Impulse functions, etc.,

14. Standard input signals • In system analysis one of the standard input signal is applied and the response produced is compared with input • Performance is evaluated and Performance index is specified • When a control system is designed based on standard input signals – generally, the performance is found satisfactory

15. Common System Input Signals a) Step Input K i (t) t = 0 time • Input is zero until t = 0 • Then takes on value K which remains constant for t > 0 • Signal changes from zero level to K instantaneously Common System Input Signalsa) Step Input

16. Common System Input Signalsa) Step Input-I Mathematically i (t) = K for t > 0 = 0 for t < 0 for t = 0, step function is not defined When a system is subjected to sudden disturbance step input can be used as a test signal

17. Common System Input Signalsa) Step Input- Examples • Examples • Angular rotation of the Shaft when it starts from rest • Change in fluid flow in a hydraulic system due to sudden opening of a valve • Voltage applied on an electrical network when it is suddenly connected to a power source

18. b) Ramp Input Input i (t) K*t • Signals is linear function of time • Increases with time • Mathematically i (t) = K*t for t > 0 = 0 for t < 0 Example: Constant rate heat input in thermal system t = 0 time Common System Input Signalsb) Ramp Input

19. c) Sinusoidal Input Input k Sin t • Mathematically • i (t) = k Sin t • System response in frequency domain • Frequency is varied over a range Example: Voltage, Displacement, Force etc., i (t) ime i (t) = k Sin t Common System Input Signalsc) Sinusoidal Input

20. Order of the System Order of the System • The responses of systems of a particular order are Strikingly similar for a given input • Order of the system: It is the order of the highest derivative in the ordinary linear differential equation with constant coefficients, which represents the physical system mathematically.

21. Illustration: First order system Illustration: First order system . Cy + ky = kx x (t) i/p K y (t) o/p C Order: Order of the highest derivative = 1 First order system

22. Illustration: Second order system . .. x (t) K y (t) m C Order: Order of the highest derivative = 2 Second order system Illustration: Second order system

23. Response of First Order Mechanical Systems to Step Input Response of First Order Mechanical Systems to Step Input