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Chapter 14- Europe at War

Chapter 14- Europe at War. 1555-1648. Introduction. “War is one of the scourges with which it has pleased God to afflict men.”- Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) War was a fact of everyday life in Europe 1555-1648- war was more brutal, expensive and on a large scale.

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Chapter 14- Europe at War

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  1. Chapter 14- Europe at War 1555-1648

  2. Introduction • “War is one of the scourges with which it has pleased God to afflict men.”- Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) • War was a fact of everyday life in Europe • 1555-1648- war was more brutal, expensive and on a large scale

  3. Crisis of the Western states • “un roi, unefoi, uneloi” • Peace of Augsburg (1555)- religion of the ruler= religion of the state • Toleration was a foreign concept • French Wars of Religion- Huguenots- St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572 • One king, 2 faiths- politiques and the League • 1585- war of the three Henrys (Henry III, Henry of Navarre, Henry Guise) • 1598- Edict of Nantes

  4. Spain- Philip II (1556-1598) • King of Paper • Problems with England (Spanish Armada- 1588) • Burgundian Inheritance • Revolt of the Netherlands- 1566 • Duke of Alba • Protestants rebel • 1576- Pacification of Ghent • P. 422 and 424- maps of Europe

  5. Eastern Europe • Poland-Lithuania and Muscovy • 1601- Time of Troubles • Rise of Sweden- GustavusAldophus • 1621- captured Riga

  6. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • Bohemia Revolts- election of Ferdinand (1617) • Defenestration of Prague (1618) • Frederick V , the “winter king” • War widens- Frederick vs. Ferdinand • Protestant Gains- • Louis XIII and Richelieu decide to help • Peace of Westphalia

  7. Timelines- French wars of Religion • 1559- death of Henry II • 1562- first battle of French wars of religion • 1563- Catholic duc de Guise assassinated • 1572- St. Bartholomew Day’s Massacre • 1574- accession of Henry III • 1585- war of the Henrys • 1588- duc de Guise murdered by order of Henry III • 1594- Henry IV crowned • 1598- Edict of Nantes

  8. Important charts French genealogy- p. 415 HRE genealogy- p. 419 Timeline- revolt of Netherlands- p. 424 Genealogy of Poland- p. 426 Genealogy of Sweden- p. 429 Chronology of Thirty years’ war- p. 430

  9. French families • Guise family- a strongly Catholic faction arose under the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine- they had large landholdings- also sought control of Scotland • Montgomery-Chatillons- Admiral Gaspard de Coligny led the French Protestant resistance • Bourbons- this powerful family with extensive lands in the south and west had strong Huguenot sympathies, and eventually won the throne in 1589

  10. Thirty years’ war- 4 phases • Civil war in Bohemia- (1618-1625)“defenestration of Prague- Ferdinand was elected Emperor and Frederick V lost his crown a few months later • Danish phase- (1625-1629)Ferdinand sent Albert of Wallerstein swept through Denmark • Swedish phase-(1630-1635)- GustavusAdolphus- prompted the French to enter the war on the side of the Protestants • French phase (1635-1648)- Peace of Prague- favorable to Catholics

  11. Peace of Westphalia-1648 • Treaties recognized the sovereign, independent authority of the German princes- destroyed the HRE as a real state- not an empire • Independence of the United Provinces of Netherlands was recognized, Swiss cantons were acknowledged as sovereign and independent- French also picked up territories of Alsace-Lorraine-allowed French to intervene in German affairs • Religion- Augsburg Agreement of 1555- allowed Calvinism as a legally permissible creed- northern states remained Protestant…

  12. End of Wars • -blocked the Counter-Reformation • Restricted power of the Habsburgs • Germany was left in pieces • France, England, Netherlands take the lead in European affairs

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