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Egypt. Pharaohs, Mummies, Pyramids. Review. Major River?. two types of soil?. What is inundation?. Last Nights Notes - Government. What led to the creation of local government? Who was in charge? What is a nome ? Nomarch ?. Upper Egypt. Lower Egypt. Trade.
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Review • Major River? • two types of soil? • What is inundation?
Last Nights Notes - Government • What led to the creation of local government? • Who was in charge? • What is a nome? • Nomarch?
Trade • Why was there a surplus in Egypt? • What does a surplus lead to? • Nile River would serve as a highway for the people of Upper and Lower Egypt!
Upper and Lower Differences • Different cultures • Lower- These people were exposed to Mediterranean traders and their distinct cultures • Upper- Not as much exposure to Mediterranean traders • Different dialects • Differences cause a rift between the two kingdoms.
Unification • 3100 B.C. King Menes of Upper Egypt conquered Lower Egypt.
Unification cont. • Menes built a capital city at Memphis.
Menes • Founded the first Egyptian dynasty. • 30 More to follow (330 Kings) • Killed by a hippo while hunting
Chapter Two – The Pharaoh Intro • King known as Pharaoh • “He who lives in the great house”
Pharaoh • Cartouche?
Pharaoh • People believed the pharaoh was a god! • Never questioned! • Sinful to disobey – Ears chopped off! • High priest • Responsible for natural events Other responsibilities?
Others who had the power • Relatives and heads of important families • Vizier – right hand man, advisor, second in charge • Handled everyday matters • Chancellor • Scribes • A bureaucracy formed
Bureaucracy • is the collective organizational structure, procedures, protocols, and set of regulations in place to manage activity, usually in large organizations and government.
Owner of all!!! – Absolute power • Owned everything – even souls • Belief in the powers of the pharaoh gave people security
Childhood • 1st born son was the heir to the throne • Reading writing and math • Hunt and military training • Married cousin or sister – keep blood pure
The look • Shaved heads, false beard, white linen skirts, jewelry, sandals
Chapter III Old Kingdom 2700BC – 2200BC • First centralized government • Easy to govern because of the geography of Egypt, most people lived along the Nile • Pharaoh still seen as a god – people obeyed
Jobs • Flooding and great soil produced more than enough food • Peasants worked hard took pride in their work • Food surplus + good economy = men having jobs other than farming • Ex: shipbuilders, architects, artists
Trade • Who did the Egyptians trade with? • What did the Egyptians obtain from the Nubians?
Copper Age • What was copper used for? • What did Pepi I do?
Foreigners • Egyptians distrusted foreigners • Isolationists
Where did writing come from? • Symbol writing made its way to Egypt from Mesopotamia. • Turned cuneiform into hieroglyphics
Construction of the pyramids • 2600 B.C. mastery • Quarrying – perfect geometrically • Block by block approach • Ramps and sleds • Smooth sides
Decline of the Old Kingdom • Old Kingdom many great achievements
Cont. • Spent too much $$$ building pyramids • People did not pay taxes • Pharaoh delegated more power – more people given government jobs- more people entering the nobility- weakened the control pharaoh once had over the people
Cont. • Pepi II / Neferkare last Old Kingdom pharaoh • 94, 90, 64 yr. reign • Too old most power with gov. officials – interested in personal wealth not the fate of Egypt • After Pepigov. fell apart • Egypt reverted back to the system of nomes that existed before Menes and the unification • Famine = end of Old Kingdom
Dark Ages • What does this term mean? • Other examples?
Middle Kingdom 2000-1700 B.C. Egypt is Reunited • Mentuhotep reunites Egypt – ruler of Thebes, defeated many nomarchs • Thebes new capital city • 12th Dynasty • Amenemhat I • Senusret • Amenemhat II • Senusret II • Senusret III - Senwosnet
Back in power The Power of the Pharaoh is Restored • Took away nomarchs power
The good life A Greater Sharing of the Wealth • Return of economic prosperity = middle class expansion • Golden age of art and literature
Conquest The Conquest of Nubia • 250 ft channel to Nubia • Easily conquered Nubia • Gold
Hyksos Invasion by the Hyksos • About 1750 B.C. • nomads from Palestine • Occupy the Delta region • Easily defeated Egypt • Why?
+ + + • There were some positives during the Hyksos occupation • Examples????
New Kingdom 1500 – 1000 B.C. • Egyptians Fashion New Weaponry
Hyksos Gone! The Invaders are Finally Driven Out • Sequenenra of Thebes begins the process of driving the Hyksos out of Egypt. • Died during battle • Sons Kamose and Ahmose finished the fight • Ahmose again reunited Upper and Lower Egypt
Pharaoh’s and war A New Role for the Pharaoh • In the New Kingdom led military campaigns
Thutmose • Thutmose I • Conquered Syria
A Woman Gains Power! Egypt’s First Great Woman Leader • Hatshepsut could not stay in the background – made important decisions – ran Egypt • Made herself pharaoh • 1st great woman leader • 20yrs. • Dealt with trade, city beautification, and her afterlife • Peace and prosperity • Death????