1 / 44

Introduction to OpenGL (Part 3)

Introduction to OpenGL (Part 3). Ref: OpenGL Programming Guide (The Red Book). Part 1 Introduction Geometry Viewing Light & Material. Part 2 Display List Alpha Channel Polygon Offset Part 3 Image Texture Mapping Part 4 FrameBuffers Selection & Feedback. Topics. OpenGL.

asher
Télécharger la présentation

Introduction to OpenGL (Part 3)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Introduction to OpenGL(Part 3) Ref: OpenGL Programming Guide (The Red Book)

  2. Part 1 Introduction Geometry Viewing Light & Material Part 2 Display List Alpha Channel Polygon Offset Part 3 Image Texture Mapping Part 4 FrameBuffers Selection & Feedback Topics Fall 2009 revised

  3. OpenGL Pixels, Bitmaps, and Images

  4. Bitmaps • A bitmap is a rectangular array of 0s and 1s that serves as a drawing mask for a rectangular portion of the window • Specification: • Specified, in hex codes, in one dimensional array, row by row, starting from lower-left corner • Width need not be multiples of 8 Fall 2009 revised

  5. glBitmap (w, h, xbo, ybo, xbi, ybi, bitmapPtr) xbo, ybo: origin xbi, ybi: increment CRP after display glBitmap(10, 12, 0, 0, 11, 0, bitmapPtr) Bitmaps Fonts: series of bitmaps as display list Fall 2009 revised

  6. Bitmap (cont) • Note: You can't rotate bitmap fonts because the bitmap is always drawn aligned to the x and y framebuffer axes. • Use glColor* to set GL_CURRENT_RASTER_COLOR Fall 2009 revised

  7. Current Raster Position (CRP) • OpenGL maintains raster position, a 3D-position in world coordinate • Modified by: • glRasterPos() • specify the object coordinates (as in glVertex); transformed by MODELVIEW & PROJECTION, passed to the clipping stage. • If the position is not culled, raster position is updated; otherwise, it is not valid. • glBitmap() • glGetFloatv(GL_CURRENT_RASTER_POSITION, fptr) to obtain the CRP • glGetBooleanv (GL_CURRENT_RASTER_POSITION_VALID, &boolvar) to test validity of CRP Fall 2009 revised

  8. drawf.c Fall 2009 revised

  9. Bitmap Editor • This format is called xwindow bitmap, with xbm extension • Bitmaps can be created by the GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) • Or, seek format converters Fall 2009 revised

  10. A simple Tk Program; require Tcl/Tk installed Get tcltk for Windows from ActiveTcl Note that xbm and the opengl xbitmap format is slightly different (details) Another XBM Editor (Here) Fall 2009 revised

  11. Ex: XBM Edit & Display Fall 2009 revised

  12. glReadPixels() Reading pixel data from framebuffer to processor memory. glDrawPixels() Writing pixel data from processor memory to framebuffer glCopyPixels() Copying pixel data within the framebuffer APIs for Images (Pixel Rectangles) Fall 2009 revised

  13. Function Arguments • glReadPixels (x, y, w, h, F, T, ptr) • x,y: window coordinate • F: pixel format • T: is data type • ptr: pointer to image memory • glDrawPixels (w, h, F, T, ptr) • Draw to current raster position • glCopyPixels (x, y, w, h, buffer) • Buffer: GL_COLOR | GL_DEPTH | GL_STENCIL • Equivalent to: Read then Draw Fall 2009 revised

  14. More on glCopyPixels • Note that there's no need for a format or data parameter for glCopyPixels(), since the data is never copied into processor memory. • The read source buffer and the destination buffer of glCopyPixels() are specified by glReadBuffer() and glDrawBuffer() respectively • Default: • single-buffer: GL_FRONT • Double-buffered: GL_BACK Fall 2009 revised

  15. Pixel Format GREY SCALE GREY SCALE with alpha Fall 2009 revised

  16. Data Type Fall 2009 revised

  17. Example 255: 0xFF See also image.c for CopyPixels Fall 2009 revised

  18. Example image.c • Copy the lower left corner to the CRP (where the mouse is) • For single-buffer version, only GL_FRONT is involved • While motion is in action, display is not called • Double-buffer version: [from the API doc] glutSwapBuffers promotes the contents of the back buffer to become the contents of the front buffer. The contents of the back buffer then become undefined. Reality is… two have same content Fall 2009 revised

  19. PixelZoom (xfactor,yfactor) • Enlarge/shrink images • Use negative factors for reflected images Fall 2009 revised

  20. Image Loader (TGA) • simple TGA utility in gluit.rar • only load and save uncompressed images in greyscale, RGB or RGBA mode. • Info in TGA header: • image type [unsigned char] • 1 - colour map image • 2 - RGB(A) uncompressed • 3 - greyscale uncompressed • 9 - greyscale RLE (compressed) • 10 - RGB(A) RLE (compressed) • pixel depth [unsigned char] • 8 – greyscale | 24 – RGB | 32 - RGBA Fall 2009 revised

  21. Offline; Local copy at webhd2:game-lib Image Loader (PNG) Fall 2009 revised

  22. DevIL Fall 2009 revised

  23. int pngLoadRaw (filename,rawinfo) Must be freed manually Fall 2009 revised

  24. Remark • Most graphics formats have image origin at upper/left corner • While OpenGL has the image origin at lower/left corner • Hence, if no correction is done, every image is drawn upside down. • Correction in PNG loader: pngSetStandardOrientation (1); Fall 2009 revised

  25. Imaging Pipeline Fall 2009 revised

  26. Imaging Pipeline(cont.) • glPixelStore() • Controlling Pixel-Storage Modes • glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1); • Packing and unpacking refer to the way that pixel data is written to and read from processor memory. • tells OpenGL not to skip bytes at the end of a row Fall 2009 revised

  27. PixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, x) • Specifies the alignment requirements for the start of each pixel row in memory. The allowable values are: • 1 (byte-alignment), • 2 (rows aligned to even-numbered bytes), • 4 (word-alignment [default]), and • 8 (rows start on double-word boundaries). Byte:8-bit Word:16-bit Double-word:32-bit Fall 2009 revised

  28. Assuming the RGB image is of size 3x2: (three bytes per pixel) w=3,h=2 Details In client memory, the start of each row of pixels is … Byte aligned (1) 2nd row 1st row Aligned to even bytes (2); Word aligned (4) Double word aligned (8) Fall 2009 revised

  29. For RGBA images, it doesn’t matter (each pixel has 4 bytes: RGBARGBA…) For RGB and luminance images and images with odd width, it should be set to byte-aligned (data are densely packed) Settings glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1) glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 4) Fall 2009 revised

  30. Improving Pixel Pipeline Performance • A series of fragment operations is applied to pixels as they are drawn into the framebuffer. For optimum performance, disable all fragment operations (depth test, …) • While performing pixel operations, disable other costly states, such as texturing and lighting • It is usually faster to draw a large pixel rectangle than to draw several small ones, since the cost of transferring the pixel data can be amortized (分攤) over many pixels Fall 2009 revised

  31. Get depth buffer content glReadPixels() Reverse and scale! Near (white) far (black) Display it as a luminance image glDrawPixels() Example (depthbuffershow) Fall 2009 revised

  32. Illustrate that CRP is a point in R3 Image displayed is always parallel to projection plane Fake perspective by zooming with distance to camera Example (rasterpos3) Fall 2009 revised

  33. Process sprite image Add alpha layer Load png image Sprite animation “feel of depth” Back-to-front rendering pixelzoom Example (sprite) Fall 2009 revised

  34. Sprites on Google … (ref) (ref) Fall 2009 revised

  35. OpenGL Texture Mapping (Introduction)

  36. Texture Mapping • A way to render realistic picture w/o using too many polygons Parallax mapping Fall 2009 revised

  37. Texture Coordinate System • Texture: a 2D array of color values, each unit is called texel (texture element) • Every texture map has (s,t) coordinates [0,0] to [1,1] • Each vertex in a polygon specifies its texture coordinates (s,t), then map to the given image to determine the corresponding texture Fall 2009 revised

  38. Texture space view OpenGL code Texture Map Screen space view Example Fall 2009 revised

  39. Screen space view Texture space view OpenGL code Texture Map Example BACK Fall 2009 revised

  40. End of Part 3

  41. From top to bottom Byte swapping #define sample_width 16 #define sample_height 10 static char sample_bits[] = { 0xff,0x00, 0x00,0xff, 0x00,0x00, 0x07,0xe0, 0x00,0x00, 0xf0,0xf8, 0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00}; Results from Xbm Editor Fall 2009 revised

  42. Converting to OpenGL Bitmap • Bottom to top & byte swapping #define sample_width 16 #define sample_height 10 static char sample_bits[] = { 0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00, 0x00,0x00, 0x0f,0x1f, 0x00,0x00, 0xe0,0x07, 0x00,0x00, 0x00,0xff, 0xff,0x00}; Fall 2009 revised

  43. Solution • Byte swap: resolved by • glPixelStorei (GL_UNPACK_LSB_FIRST, 1); • Bottom to top: • Recall width of bitmap need not be multiples of 8, but it is stored in units of unsigned characters • But, the XBM Editor only allows width of multiples of 8 (8,16,24,…) • See the example code on reading it reversely Fall 2009 revised

  44. There seems to no way to make the bitmap larger (than it should be, pixels) glPixelZoom won’t work! Therefore, its use is limited Nevertheless, the color is free to change… (almost) Useless API! BACK Fall 2009 revised

More Related