A very short lecture on Philosophy and Religious Studies

1. A very short lecture on Philosophy and Religious Studies What you need to know before you walk in the Agora

2. Burial site some before 30,000 BP • Many of these sites are: • Oriented east west • Have grave goods • In some sites the individual is covered in some type of red pigment • Most are on their sides with the feet drawn up and the arms pulled in

3. The Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc Cave • This is an extensive cave site discovered in 1994 in southern France • The site is dated from 31,000 BP and was in use for 1,300 years • For more information see: http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/chauvet/en/

4. “Life the universe and everything in it” • These cave paintings are unique and many of the techniques will not be duplicated with till the early Renaissance. • The questions are many, but the one that I ask most is WHY?

5. Cave Bear Skull placed on rock about 30,000 BP • One of many cave bear skulls this one was picked up and placed on this rock in one of the back chambers of the cave. • We know that its placement was intentional … But WHY?

6. A Fat Lady SaliagosC 5000 BCE “….. characteristic of the Neolithic period are the schematic marble figurines, the most famous of which is the so-called Fat Lady of Saliagos.” http://ezinearticles.com/?Santorini-History-of-the-Cycladic-Islands&id=91898

7. So is this religion or philosophy? What is the difference? Which are we going to study? Which one is right? Why do we need either? What is this all about?

8. What you need to know. Part 1 • The difference between religion and philosophy • Including a working definition of each • A working understanding of the Allegory of the Cave, and the Simile of the Line • The differences between Platonic and Aristotelian thought • Why Plato becomes the dominate philosopher and the way that Alexander the Great plays in that proces

9. Religion • is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values.[1] Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. (Wikipedia)

10. Philosophy • Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.[1][2] Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument.[3] The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophia), which literally means "love of wisdom". (Wikipedia)

11. Pre Socratics Thales of Miletus Pythagoras

12. The Old Man of Philosophy Socrates (469-399 BCE)

13. The Students Plato(424-347BCE) Aristotle (384-322 BCE)

14. Plato’s Allegory of The Cave

16. Plato says A--Aristotle say B • For Plato the essence of a something determines it material “appearance” • Aristotle say the material appearance defines and determines something's essence. • Essence is used here to denote property (ies) of something that defines its nature and which without that property (ies) it would not have existence.

17. Great debate Thus begins the

18. Enter stage center • Alexander of Macedonia (356-323BCE) • Aristotle was one of his teachers • 338 BCE Philip II wins Battle of Chaeronea ending Athens independence. • Aristotle flees Athens in 322 BCE ending his teaching in the Lyceum

19. Two SchoolsBut only one survives in the west • Plato’s Academy • Founded 387 BCE • Closed 86 BCE when Romans sacked Athens • Reopened by Napoleonic in 410 CE closed by Justinian in 528 CE • But even with the space destroyed the teaching went on. To the point that during the Roman period it was fashionable to study in Athens at the Academy • Aristotle’s • Founded 334 BCE • Aristotle flees Athens in 322 BCE • His teaching falling in disfavor because of his Macedonian leanings • While out of favor in Athens Aristotle’s teaching continued in the rest of the Greek world and would be a known Philosophical teaching during Islamic period.

20. The early Christian movement • The out come of this is that Plato became the dominant philosophical school during the development of Christianity in western Europe. • Aristotle begins to have an impact in the middle of the 13th century in the common era.

21. What you need to knowPart 2 • Who the major players are in the early development of the Jesus Movement • Jesus • Paul • The role of the Roman Empire on the development of the early Church • How the Christian faith used Geek Philosophical thought to support it theologies

22. A Simple Convention Jesus Jesus the Christ The Post-Easter Jesus Who is defined by his followers in the time following the Easter event • The human being who lived and died in the first century of the Common Era • Who is understood as being the founder of Christianity • The Pre-Easter Jesus

23. The Pre-Easter Jesus • Joshua ben Joseph (aka Jesus of Nazareth) (7-2 BCE-30-36 CE) • Teacher, healer, who’s message concerned the application of Jewish Prophetic justice • Noted for his egalitarian approach to society • Executed by the Romans for sedition

24. Post-Easter Jesus

25. Birth of the Jesus Movement • Oral history of his teachings and healings is spread by early followers pushed on by the story of his resurrection • Establishment of small house gatherings where it appears there was a common meal which was a reenactment of his last supper with follower • Persecution by Jewish authorities seems to have followed the spread of the movement to other regions of eastern empire.

26. Saul of Tarsus (c5-c67CE) • Also known as Paul or Paul the Apostle or St Paul • Pharisaic Jew from Tarsus who is purported to have been taught by Gamaliel the grand son of Hillel the Elder who is said "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn" (Shab. 31a) • Part of the persecution experiences a conversion event that make him into one of the major voices of the Jesus Movement

27. 7 Pauline letters that shape a faith The letters that most agree are authentic Corinth • Romans, 1&2 Corinthians, 1Thessalonians, Galatians, Philippians and Philemon • There is a a massive amount of scholarship that support these 7 as the genuine writings of Paul • These letter were written between 51 and 58 CE

28. The Synoptic Gospels • Mark: written between early 50’s and 60’s for a largely non-Jewish audience • Matthew: written middle to late 50’s to late 60’s for a largely Jewish audience • Luke: written late 50’s to early 70’s for a community of Jesus followers and possible followers

29. The Gospel of John Unlike synoptic gospels John does not have a birth narrative but rather a retelling of the Genesis creation story. He do not have a last supper but rather a long discourse by Jesus about being the Bread of Life and the Blood of a new Covenant John is writing theology not a narrative history Written in the 90’s or maybe as late as 100 CE

30. From Movement to a Church • First and second century movement gathers followers especially among the merchant and artisan classes but it appears that the movement also attracted woman, slaves and the poor as well. • Leadership of small groups appears to have been loose and not well defined. • Although there were individuals who began to express theological opinion and were seen as movement leaders • This ended with the Edit of Milan in 313 and the Council of Nicaea in 325

31. Constantine the Great • Born in 272 Roman Emperor 306-337 • Long list of achievements but three are important to us • Edict of Milan 313 Religious Tolerance • Splits the Empire into two administrative regions • Rome • Constantinople 330 • Calls the First Council of Nicaea 325 • Relationship of Jesus to God the father • The date of Easter

32. As the east and west drift apart • The Eastern Orthodoxy remained under the controlled of local Bishops and Patriarchs who in turn were tied to ethnic and regional ideates • After the rise of the Islamic empire in the early 600’s • Russia is the only gathering of the Orthodox community not controlled by Islam • In areas of Islamic control national identity (language and customs) are maintained by the Orthodox faith • The Western Church takes on the trappings and the power of the Roman Empire and dominates the religious development of Western Europe

33. The East – West Schism • Tensions grow between the East and West mainly over two issues • The nature of Jesus is he one with God or is he the Son of God. For the Eastern Church there can only be one first cause and that is God alone • The Western Churches insistence on the primacy of the Papacy in all things theological which the Eastern Church sees as the destruction of their regional authority system • The “last straw” was the Sacking of Constantinople in 1204 by the 4th Crusade

34. The outcomes of the Schism • There are three major expressions of the Christian Faith • Orthodoxy • Roman Catholic • Protestants in many forms in fact there are reported to be about 3,000 of them. • And those expressions over lap and intertwine in ways that no one understands • So for all the hopes there is no one voice

35. What you need to knowPart 3 • What role Constantine played in the growth of the Christian Church • How did the moving of the capital effect the development of the Christian Church • What the major arguments between the Eastern and the Western Church are • The impact of Islam on Orthodoxy

36. "The trouble is, once you make a concession to the empirical world, once you let reason rub up against faith, there's no end to it. Reason's a bully.” Rev. Scot Sloan from the cartoon strip Doonesbury commenting on intelligent design

37. For us and this Study Trip concerningPhilosophy • Note how the Allegory of the Cave and the Smiley of the Line are played out in the theology of the Christian faith • Note how true the Doonesbury quote is and ask yourself how do you see the world are you: • Platonic (Continental) • Aristotelian (English Rationalist) • Or just not sure or maybe could care less (But if the later at what cost?)

38. While you are in Greece watch for: • The differences in Church architecture and how that plays out in the styles of worship and theological understandings • Those of you who are Roman Catholic note the similarities as well as the differences • For those of you who are Protestant note how many of the issues your denomination hold as important don’t even enter into the conversation in the Eastern tradition • For those of you who are not of any faith note how the world has been shaped by Christianity