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The Biological Foundations of Development

Introduction. Development ? Something from nothing". Introduction. Development ? Something from nothing". almost. . Introduction. Development ? Something from nothing"Genes. almost. . Personality is hard-wired by nature!!. It's all heriditary!. It's all in the genes!. Steven

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The Biological Foundations of Development

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    1. The Biological Foundations of Development PSY240A Dr. J Bruce Morton

    2. Introduction Development ? Something from nothing

    3. Introduction Development ? Something from nothing

    4. Introduction Development ? Something from nothing Genes

    8. Outline Part I: The role of genes in regulating life processes Part II: Genes and Development Part III: Gene/Environment interaction in development

    9. Part I: The role of genes in regulating life processes

    10. The cell

    11. The cell

    12. The cell

    13. The cell

    14. The cell

    15. The Chemistry of Life

    16. The Chemistry of Life

    17. The Chemistry of Life

    18. The Chemistry of Life

    19. The Chemistry of Life

    20. The Chemistry of Life

    21. The Chemistry of Life

    22. The Chemistry of Life

    23. The Chemistry of Life

    24. The Chemistry of Life

    25. The Chemistry of Life

    26. The Chemistry of Life

    27. The Chemistry of Life

    28. The Chemistry of Life

    29. The Chemistry of Life

    30. The Chemistry of Life

    31. The Chemistry of Life

    32. Role of genes in life processes 4 questions What do genes do? How do they do it? How do genes influence the functioning of a cell? Does the mere presence of a gene guarantee that the gene will influence the function of a cell?

    33. (1) What do genes do? Store information required for the synthesis of protein Specifically: Each gene stores information about the precise sequence of amino acids that is required to produce a particular protein 1 gene = 1 protein

    34. (2) How do genes store this information? Information stored in the sequence of base pairs that make up DNA 3 base pairs code for 1 amino acid

    35. (2) How do genes store this information? Information stored in the sequence of base pairs that make up DNA 3 base pairs code for 1 amino acid

    36. (2) How do genes store this information? Information stored in the sequence of base pairs that make up DNA 3 base pairs code for 1 amino acid

    37. (2) How do genes store this information? Information stored in the sequence of base pairs that make up DNA 3 base pairs code for 1 amino acid With the help of RNA and ribosomes, this stored information translated into a protein

    38. (3) How does protein synthesis affect other life processes?

    39. (3) How does protein synthesis affect other life processes? Metabolism in e.coli bacteria

    40. (3) How does protein synthesis affect other life processes? Metabolism in e.coli bacteria

    41. (3) How does protein synthesis affect other life processes? Metabolism in e.coli bacteria

    42. (3) How does protein synthesis affect other life processes? Metabolism in e.coli bacteria

    43. (3) How does protein synthesis affect other life processes? Metabolism in e.coli bacteria

    44. (3) How does protein synthesis affect other life processes? Metabolism in e.coli bacteria

    45. (3) How does protein synthesis affect other life processes? Metabolism in e.coli bacteria

    46. (4) Does the mere existence of a gene guarantee that a particular protein is produced?

    47. (4) Does the mere existence of a gene guarantee that a particular protein is produced?

    48. (4) Does the mere existence of a gene guarantee that a particular protein is produced?

    49. (4) Does the mere existence of a gene guarantee that a particular protein is produced?

    50. (4) Does the mere existence of a gene guarantee that a particular protein is produced?

    51. (4) Does the mere existence of a gene guarantee that a particular protein is produced?

    52. (4) Does the mere existence of a gene guarantee that a particular protein is produced?

    53. (4) Does the mere existence of a gene guarantee that a particular protein is produced?

    54. (4) Does the mere existence of a gene guarantee that a particular protein is produced?

    55. Part II: Genes and Development

    56. Genes and Development If genes code for protein, how are they involved in development? Need to examine developmental change first: What is changing? Then we can ask: What is the role of genes in this process?

    57. Genes and Development

    58. Genes and Development

    59. Genes and Development

    60. Genes and Development

    61. Genes and Development

    62. Genes and Development All cells in the body are genetically identical; however, neurons are very different than blood cells which are very different than skin cells, etc. etc. Differential gene expression: Comparable to the way different people read the same newspaper

    63. Differential gene expression Common genes Support basic life processes Cell-specific genes Contribute to the cells unique structure and function

    64. Factors affecting the transcription of cell-specific genes Regulator genes: responsible for turning other genes on and off Regulator genes modify their activity in light of: The stage of development of the organism The stage of development of the cell Tissue the cell is a part of And others

    65. Genes and traits Genotype and phenotype Proteins versus traits Is there a predictable genotype-phenotype relationship for traits? For simple traits, yes (see Table 3.1, page 72) Example: Cystic Fybrosis (Figure 3.6, page 71) Phenotype can be predicted from genotype: Mendelian principles of inheritance

    66. Genes and psychological traits What about psychological characteristics like intelligence & emotions? Polygenic traits Many genes together contribute to a trait Predicting phenotype from knowledge of genotype much more difficult Can start by asking how much is genetic

    67. Behavioral Genetics: A quantitative approach Heritability The extent to which differences among individuals on a particular trait are related to genetic differences

    68. Behavioral Genetics: A quantitative approach Investigating Heritability Kinship studies Higher the kinship, the more genes in common Kinship of: Identical twins = 1 Fraternal twins/siblings = 0.5 Unrelated individuals = 0

    69. Behavioral Genetics: A quantitative approach Heritability estimates If trait is heritable, then as as kinship increases, then individuals should be more similar on a trait Example: Devlin et al. (Table 3.5 page 97) Examined individuals with differing kinships, and correlated their IQs

    70. Kinship = 0 Foster parent/child: r=0.20

    71. Kinship = 0.5 Siblings raised together: r=0.46 Fraternal twins raised together: r=0.59 Biological parent/child living together: r=0.41

    72. Kinship = 1 Identical twins living together: r=0.85

    73. Summary As kinship increases, IQ between selected pairs become increasingly correlated

    74. Heritability coefficient Measures the extent to which differences among individuals on particular trait are related to differences in the genes the have inherited H = (r identical twins - r fraternal twins) x 2

    75. Heritability coefficient Measures the extent to which differences among individuals on particular trait are related to differences in the genes the have inherited H = (r identical twins - r fraternal twins) x 2

    76. Heritability coefficient Measures the extent to which differences among individuals on particular trait are related to differences in the genes the have inherited H = (r identical twins - r fraternal twins) x 2

    77. Criticisms Theoretical limitations: H says nothing about HOW genes produce differences in psychological traits

    78. Part III: Gene-environment interaction in development

    79. Interactive approach Examines how genes and environment interact to produce developmental change

    80. Gottesmans Range of Reaction

    81. If environment varies, then same genotype will produces different phenotype Gottesmans Range of Reaction

    82. If environment varies, then same genotype will produces different phenotype Environmental variation does not have the same effect on all genotypes Gottesmans Range of Reaction

    83. If environment varies, then same genotype will produces different phenotype Environmental variation does not have the same effect on all genotypes Gottesmans Range of Reaction

    84. If environment varies, then same genotype will produces different phenotype Environmental variation does not have the same effect on all genotypes Different genotypes can produce same phenotype if environments are different Gottesmans Range of Reaction

    85. If environment varies, then same genotype will produces different phenotype Environmental variation does not have the same effect on all genotypes Different genotypes can produce same phenotype if environments are different Gottesmans Range of Reaction

    86. Mechanisms of gene-environment interaction Do genes direct the type of environment one experiences? Sandra Scarr: Yes Can occur in 3 ways Passive interaction Evocative interaction Active gene influence

    87. Conclusions Genes code for protein not psychological constructs like extroversion, intelligence, and language Possessing a gene does not guarantee its expression Consequently: While psychological traits are influenced by genetic forces, genotype-phenotype associations are extremely complex Researchers accept that genes are not the whole story Current research focuses on how genes & environment interact to produce developmental change

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