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Chapter Three

Chapter Three. An Introduction to Science. ALAT Presentations Study Tips. If viewing this in PowerPoint, use the icon to run the show (bottom left of screen). Mac users go to “Slide Show > View Show” in menu bar

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Chapter Three

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  1. Chapter Three An Introduction to Science

  2. ALAT Presentations Study Tips • If viewing this in PowerPoint, use the icon to run the show (bottom left of screen). • Mac users go to “Slide Show > View Show” in menu bar • Click on the Audio icon: when it appears on the left of the slide to hear the narration. • From “File > Print” in the menu bar, choose “notes pages”, “slides 3 per page” or “outline view” for taking notes as you listen and watch the presentation. • Start your own notebook with a 3 ring binder, for later study!

  3. Scientific Fundamentals • Competency in technical skills = an understanding of basic science & general scientific concepts and terminology. • Practical aspects essential for the skills required. • General information helps in understanding research, communicating effectively with scientists & advancing careers. • Additional study required to develop special skills needed to perform advanced techniques.

  4. Selected Scientific Terminology • Prefix, Root, & Suffix • Prefix is descriptive & appears at the beginning. • Root is item being described. • Suffix is at end of word & is descriptive. • “Bio” (life), “logy” (study of) = biology (study of life) • “Patho” (disease), pathology = study of disease • “Anti–” (against), antibiotic = against life, & describes a drug that kills bacteria • Diabetics = too much glucose in blood = hyperglycemia =“hyper” (more than) + “glyc” (glucose) + “emia” (blood)

  5. (Image) Prefix, Root and Suffix

  6. Basic Principles of Chemistry • All matter fundamental material called atoms. • Atoms make up elements. • Different elements combine and form a molecule. • Elements are shown with standard symbols: • carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca), hydrogen (H), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) • Atoms combine to form molecules such as: • O2 = oxygen found in air • H2O = a water molecule • CO2 = carbon dioxide

  7. More Chemistry • Interaction of atoms • metabolism of food, interaction of an antibiotic, toxicity of medicine involve chemical reactions • Chemical reactions in living things = biochemistry. • Chemical interactions in normal animals, in a dynamic balance, called homeostasis. • Incorrect environment or errors can cause changes in homeostasis. • Recognize that SOPs, treatments, feeds and dosages are meant to reduce unwanted chemical impacts on research data.

  8. Weights and Measures • Metric system is based on powers of 10. • units are gram (g), meter (m), and liter (l) • Prefix units indicate multiples or fractions, i.e.: • 1 milli = 1/1,000; centi =1/100; deci = 1/10; kilo = 1,000 • 1 mg = 1/1,000 of a gram, and 1 kg = 1,000 grams • 1 ml = 1/1,000 of a liter, and a 1 kl = 1,000 liters • 1 mm =1/1,000 meter, and 1 km = 1,000 meters • Conversions: • 1 inch = 2.5 centimeters • 1 meter is little longer than three feet • 1 liter is about the size of a quart • 1 milliliter is about 20 drops • 15 grams is about a half ounce • 1 kg = 2.2 pounds

  9. Temperature • Fahrenheit and Celsius • Celsius = centigrade, 100 degrees separate freezing and boiling water • Fahrenheit to Celsius: °C = 5/9 (°F - 32) • 180°F to Celsius scale: °C = 5/9 (180° - 32) = 5/9 x 14 = 740/9 = 82.2°C • Celsius to Fahrenheit: °F = 9/5 (°C) + 32 • 41°C to Fahrenheit: °F = 9/5 (41°) + 32 = 73.8 + 32 = 105.8°F • To use decimals to make these conversions, the formulas are: °C = (°F- 32 )/ 1.8 °F = (1.8 x °C) + 32

  10. More Weights and Measures • Other common temperature conversions that should be committed to memory include: •  72°F = 22°C. •  39°F = 4°C.* •  32°F = 0°C. •  212°F = 100°C. •  98.6°F = 37°C. *(corrected)

  11. Additional Reading McBride, Doug. Learning Veterinary Terminology, Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis, MO. 1996.

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