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Grand Rounds Presentation

Grand Rounds Presentation. By Scott Belliston DO PGY2 10/12/12. Dysphagia. Elderly. right handed male with PMH of HTN, HLD, aneurysm in stomach 3cm, and GERDwas transferred from OSH for further evaluation of dysphagia Hx of dysphagia 3 years ago improved after esophageal dilatation

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Grand Rounds Presentation

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  1. Grand Rounds Presentation By Scott Belliston DO PGY2 10/12/12

  2. Dysphagia • Elderly. right handed male with PMH of HTN, HLD, aneurysm in stomach 3cm, and GERDwastransferred from OSH for further evaluation of dysphagia • Hx of dysphagia 3 years ago improved after esophageal dilatation • No pain with swallowing

  3. Where? • Corticobulbar Tracts • Motor strip • Medulla • Nuclei of Lower Cranial Nerves • Esophagus C-Spine • Neuromuscular Junction • Presynaptic • Postsynaptic

  4. What? • Stroke ischemic or hemorrhagic • Intracerebral mass (tumor, abscess, lesion, aneurysm) • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis • Myasthenia Gravis • Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic syndrome • Multiple sclerosis • Parkinson’s disease • Toxins/Drugs (Botulism, snake venom, anticholinergics, antimuscarinics, tetrodotoxin…) • Foreign body internal or external compression

  5. More history • 3 years ago developed dysphagia was diagnosed with allergies to ragweed. GI procedure improved symptoms. • One week before admission was eating and choked on a sandwich hasn’t been able to eat or drink since. GI doctor told him no stricture that he had ALS. • OSH neurology workup • MRI brain no stroke, EMG of facial muscles and tongue negative. Acetylcholine receptor antibodies pending. Video swallow failed. Pt on TPN refusing PEG tube.

  6. Labs Hbg 16.5 WBCs 7.4 Platelets 166 INR 1.1 UDS positive benzos Sodium 132 Potassium 3.8 Chloride 106 CO2 22 BUN 12 Creatinine 0.72 Glucose 85 HgbA1c 5.3 TSH 1.980 CPK 297

  7. Exam • General exam unremarkable • Neuro exam Mental status alert and oriented x 4 Speech moderate to severe flaccid dysarthria and dysphonia Dysphagia to solids and liquids CN mild right eye ptosis, Obicularis oculi 3/5 Obicularisoris 2/5, unable to protrude tongue or place in cheek Motor Neck flexor 4/5 wrist flexors and hip flexors 4+/5

  8. Edrophonium test • Tensilon test (No longer available in US) • Edrophonium a short acting IV acetylcholinesteraceinhibitor • Risks/Side effects

  9. Edrophonium Test (cont) • Prior to injection • After second dose of 5 mg

  10. EMG/NCS

  11. EMG/NCS

  12. Other studies • Acetylcholine receptor antibodies • Acetylcholine Binding AB 37.0, Acetylcholine Blocking AB 29, Acetylcholine Modulating AB 34 • 85% of MG • MuSK antibodies not checked • 40-70% of AChR-Ab negative • CT chest for thymoma negative • 10–15% have a thymoma

  13. Myasthenia Gravis 10 to 125 of every 1 million people worldwide Bimodal distribution 2nd and 3rd decades (mainly women) and 6th through 8th decades (mainly men). Antibodies to the muscle type of nicotinic cholinergic receptors Increased incidence of RA, SLE, and polymyositis

  14. Common Presenting Symptoms Occular symptoms • Ptosis and or diplopia over 50% Bulbar symptoms • Dysarthria, dysphagia and fatigable • chewing about 15% Proximal limb weakness alone less than 5% • May get other isolated muscle weakness but are much less common • Myasthenia crisis is when the respiratory muscles are involved

  15. Neuromuscular Junction

  16. Physiology

  17. Watch out for! • Crisis! • When to intubate? • VC < 20ml/kg or NIF <-30ccH2O • ABGs insensitive for respiratory weakness • Drugs to avoid in MG • Antibiotics (aminoglycosides, erythromycin, and azithromycin) • Cardiac drugs (beta-blockers, procainamide, and quinidine) • Magnesium • Glucocorticoids

  18. Treatment Symptomatic • Anticholinesterace(Mestinon) Chronic immunomodulating • Glucocorticoids • Immunosuppression Rapid immunomodulating • Plasmapheresis • IV immune globulin Surgical • Thymectomy(reduction in symptoms of 70% of pts without thymoma)

  19. Questions

  20. References • Balzer, KM, PharmD, “Drug-Induced Dysphagia”, International Journal of MS Care, page 6, Volume 2 Issue 1, March 2000. (http://www.mscare.com/a003/page_06.htm) • Barohn, RJ, “Update on Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnosis, Measurement, and Treatment”, PowerPoint, Accessed October 07, 2012. • Bird, SJ. Myasthenic Crisis. In: UpToDate, Dashe, JF(Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2012. • BruntonLL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th Edition: www.accessmedicine.com • National Institute of Mental Health, Electron micrograph of neuromuscular junction: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electron_micrograph_of_neuromuscular_junction_(cross-section).jpg • Ropper AH, Samuels MA. Chapter 53. Myasthenia Gravis and Related Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction. In: Ropper AH, Samuels MA, eds. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2009. http://www.accessmedicine.com.proxy.kumc.edu:2048/content.aspx?aID=3642849. Accessed October 11, 2012. • Taylor P. Chapter 10. Anticholinesterase Agents. In: Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011. http://www.accessmedicine.com.proxy.kumc.edu:2048/content.aspx?aID=16660859. Accessed October 11, 2012.

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