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Introduction to Number System

Introduction to Number System. For more notes and topics visit: www.eITnotes.com. Number System. When we type some letters or words, the computer translates them in binary numbers as computers can understand only binary numbers.

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Introduction to Number System

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  1. Introduction to Number System For more notes and topics visit: www.eITnotes.com eITnotes.com

  2. Number System When we type some letters or words, the computer translates them in binary numbers as computers can understand only binary numbers. Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal number system, the successive positions to the left of the decimal point represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on. A value of each digit in a number can be determined using • The digit • Symbol value (is the digit value 0 to 9) • The position of the digit in the number • Increasing Power of the base (i.e. 10) occupying successive positions moving to the left eITnotes.com

  3. Example Decimal number (592): eITnotes.com

  4. Binary number system • Uses two digits, 0 and 1. • Also called base 2 number system eITnotes.com

  5. (110011)2 = (51)10 eITnotes.com

  6. Cont… A Decimal number can converted into binary number by the following methods: • Double-Dabble Method • Direct Method eITnotes.com

  7. Double-Dabble Method • Divide the number by 2 • Write the dividend under the number . This become the new number • Write the remainder at the right in column • Repeat these three steps until a ‘0’ is produced as a new number • Output (bottom to top). eITnotes.com

  8. Convert decimal 17 into binary number eITnotes.com

  9. Direct Method • Write the positional values of the binary number …. 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 …. 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 • Now compare the decimal number with position value listed above. The decimal number lies between 32 and 64. Now place 1 at position 32. 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 • Subtract the positional value to the decimal number i.e ( 45-32=13) 45 eITnotes.com

  10. Cont.. 45 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 45-32 =13 1 1 13-8=5 1 1 1 5-4=1 1 1 1 1 1-1=0 Place 0 at the rest of position value 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 (45)10=(101101)2 eITnotes.com

  11. Decimal number to fractional Binary number • Multiply the decimal fraction by 2 • Write the integer part in a column • The fraction part become a new fraction • Repeat step 1 to 3 until the fractional part become zero. • Once the required number of digits (say 4) have been obtained , we can stop. eITnotes.com

  12. Example • Decimal number is (0.625) Ans: (0.625)10= (0.101)2 eITnotes.com

  13. Questions • Convert decimal 89 into equivalent binary number by using Double-Dabble Method (89)10= (1011001)2 • Convert decimal 89 into equivalent binary number by using Direct Method (89)10= (1011001)2 • Convert decimal 0.8125 into fractional binary number (0.8125)10 = (0.1101)2 eITnotes.com

  14. Convert Binary to Decimal • Direct Method • Double Dabble Method eITnotes.com

  15. Direct Method eITnotes.com

  16. Double Dabble Method eITnotes.com

  17. Example • Convert Binary number 10111011 to decimal (10111011)2 = (187)10 eITnotes.com

  18. Convert fractional Binary number to Fractional Decimal number • Write out the binary number as (-)ve power of two. The various digits positions after binary points are 1,2,3,4…..and so on. • Convert each power of two into its decimal equivalent • Add these to give the decimal number eITnotes.com

  19. Example eITnotes.com

  20. Questions • Convert the fractional binary number to decimal number • (0.1101) ans= 0.8125 • (0.1011) ans= 0.6875 eITnotes.com

  21. Octal number notation • Octal is base 8 counting system having digit values 0 through 7 • The octal system groups three binary bits together into one digit symbol. eITnotes.com

  22. Convert binary number into octal • Divide the given binary number into group of three bits (from right to left) • Replace each group by its octal equivalent • Examples: 11001 101010001110 eITnotes.com

  23. Convert decimal to octal • Divide the number by 8 • Write the dividend under the number. This become the new number • Write the remainder at the right in a column • Repeat steps 1 to 3 until a ‘0’ is produced as a new number eITnotes.com

  24. Question • Convert decimal 17 to octal number Ans= (17)10 = (21)8 eITnotes.com

  25. Convert octal to decimal number • Write out the octal digits as power of 8 • Convert each power of 8 into its decimal equivalent term • Add these terms to produce the required decimal number eITnotes.com

  26. Example (721)8= (465)10 Ques: Convert the octal 131 to its equivalent decimal number ans: 89 eITnotes.com

  27. Hexadecimal • Hexadecimal number system is a base 16 counting system • It uses 16 Symbols: 0 to 9 and the capital letter A,B…F. • Each Hexadecimal is equivalent to a group of 4 binary bits. eITnotes.com

  28. eITnotes.com

  29. Convert binary to Hexadecimal • Divide the given binary number into groups of 4 bits each(from right to left). • Replace each group by its hexadecimal Equivalent. Questions: • Convert (101111100001)2 into its hexadecimal. Ans: (BEI)16. 2. Convert (10101111.0010111)2 into its hexadecimal. Ans: (AF.2E)16 eITnotes.com

  30. Convert Decimal to Hexadecimal • Divide the number by 16. • Write the dividend under the number. This become the new number. • Write the remainder at the right in a column. • Repeat steps 1 to 3 until a ‘0’ is produced as a new number. Question: Convert the Decimal 87 to hexadecimal number. (87)10= (57)16 eITnotes.com

  31. Convert hexadecimal to Decimal • Write out the Hexadecimal digits as power of 16. • Convert each power of 16 into its decimal equivalent term. • Add these terms to produce the required decimal number. Question: (A2D)16=(2605)10 eITnotes.com

  32. Data Representation • We known that computer work with binary numbers and therefore the numbers, letters, and other symbols have to be converted into their binary equivalents. • However, this is not enough in the sense that still we do not know how to store this binary information so that it become suitable for computer processing. eITnotes.com

  33. Cont.. • The Representation of a positive integer number is quite straight forward but we are interested to represent positive as well as negative numbers. • For a Positive number , the sign bit set to 0 and for negative number the sign bit is set to 1. eITnotes.com

  34. Integer Representation • An integer can be represented by fixed point representation • The left most bit is considered as sign bit. • The magnitude of the number can be represented in following three ways: • Signed magnitude representation. • Signed 1’s complement representation. • Signed 2’s complement representation. eITnotes.com

  35. Signed Magnitude • In this representation , if n bit of storage is available then 1 bit is reserved for sign and n-1 bits for the magnitude. • The Disadvantage of this representation is that during addition and Subtraction, the sign bit has to be considered along with the magnitude. Sign bit magnitude eITnotes.com

  36. (+0)10 Signed 1’s Compliment (-0)10 • The 1’s Compliment of a binary integer can be obtained by simply replacing the digit 0 by 1 and digit 1 by 0 • Example: 00001100 is 11100111 eITnotes.com

  37. Signed 2’s Compliment • The 2’s Compliment of a binary number is obtained by adding 1 to 1’s Compliment. • Example: (+12)10= 1100 • 11110011 1’s Compliment 1 11110100 2,s Compliment Therefore, Positive integer 2’s compliment is the negative integer 1’s (-12)10 eITnotes.com

  38. Question • Express the following in signed magnitude form, 1’s Compliment, 2’s Compliment: • (35)10 = 100011 eITnotes.com

  39. Floating point representation • We can represent a floating point binary number in the following form: ±M * 2±e • Where M : is the mantissa or significant e : is the exponent • Example: 101.11 10111 * 2-2 101.11 * 20 10.111 *21 1.0111 *22 .10111 * 23 .010111 * 24 eITnotes.com

  40. Cont.. .10111 * 23 M e • The Mantissa part of the number is suitably shifted (left or right) to obtain a non zero digit at a most significant position. The activity is known as normalization. • In a 16 bit representation, let us assume that 10 bits are reserved for mantissa and 6 for exponent. Sign Sign Mantissa exponent eITnotes.com

  41. Question • Represent floating point binary number in 16 bit representation (1110.001) The normalization number is = .1110001 * 24 16 bit representation: Sign Sign 0 111000100 0 00100 M e eITnotes.com

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