Political Changes

1. Political Changes • Initiative, referendum and recall • Direct primary • Australian ballot • Voter registration • 17 Am • 19 Am (ERA –Paul) • Limited campaign contributions

2. Efficiency & Organization • City manager; city commissioner • Wisconsin Plan – LaFollette • businesses licenses • 16 Am • Federal Reserve System • Bureau of Corporations • RFD • “systematizing” of government institutions and services – makes it predictable and controllable • Gas & power socialism

3. Social Justice • Brandeis Brief – Muller v Oregon • 18Am & 19 AM • Child labor laws • Workman’s compensation • Increase $ for education • Bureau of labor • Public Health Service – Sheppard-Towner • Mann Act • Juvenile courts • Divorce laws • Death penalty reform

4. Government Regulation • Public utilities commission • Gas & power socialism • Conservation laws • Minimum wages & maximum hours (fed) • Consumer protection laws – Pure Food & Drug, Meat Inspection Act • Increase regulatory agencies (FDA, FTC) • RR regulation –Hepburn, Mann-Elkins • Tariff decrease • Anti trust enforcement (Northern Securities, Taft, Clayton) “trust-busting” • Safety codes

6. TR 1901-1908 The Bully Pulpit The Square Deal The “trust-buster” --- “good trusts” –”bad trusts” Northern Securities Case – restore SAT challenges powerful interests– Morgan, Rockefeller, etc. Keeps trusts in “bounds” – restrains Gentleman’s Agreement

9. TR • The Square Deal – Anthracite Coal Strike – the “broker” • UMW v Coal Mine owners • TR – Arbitration – Mitchell =ok – refusal by owners ---TR army • Wage and hours gains --- but no union recognition

10. Other Actions • RR – Elkins and Hepburn Acts – increase power of ICC • Pure Food and Drug Act; Meat Inspection Act • Sinclair – The Jungle • Wiley – the poison squad • Conservation – forests, parks, irrigation Pinchot • Bureau of Commerce & Labor (corporations)

11. The Republican Party &President William H. Taft

12. Taft’s Accomplishments • Trust busting • Conservation – forestry • 16 & 17 amendments • Mann-Elkins Act – rr and communications • Federal gov’t 8 hr day • Children’s Bureau • Safety regulations and

13. Taft’s “ordeal” • Alienates progressive wing of the party • Cannonism • Payne-Aldrich Tariff • Ballinger-Pinchot Affair • 1910 Purge

14. TR Returns Osawatomie, KS Big business requires big government.

15. New Nationalism • Increase the power of the presidency & federal government to deal w/ changes • National approach to problem solving • Strong assertive leadership • Government efficiency and expertise

16. The Republican Convention • Battle between Old Guard and Progressives

18. Republican Party Platform • Put limitations on female and child labor. • High import tariffs. • Workman’s Compensation Laws. • Against initiative, referendum, and recall. • Against “bad” trusts. • Creation of a Federal Trade Commission. • Stay on the gold standard. • Conservation of natural resources

19. TR and the Progressive Party

20. The Bullmoose Party

21. Progressive Party Platform • Women’s suffrage. • Graduated income tax. • Inheritance tax for the rich. • Lower tariffs. • Limits on campaign spending. • Currency reform. • Minimum wage laws. • Social insurance. • Abolition of child labor. • Workmen’s compensation.

22. The Socialist Party & Eugene V. Debs The issue is Socialism versus Capitalism. I am for Socialism because I am for humanity.

23. “The Working Class Candidates” Eugene V. Debs Emil Seigel for President for Vice-President

24. Growth of the Socialist Vote

25. The Industrial Worker: I. W. W. The first American labor group to open its membership to all wage-earning workers, regardless of skill, nationality, race, sex, or gender.

26. Socialist Party Platform • Government ownership of railroads and utilities. • Guaranteed income tax. • No tariffs. • 8-hour work day. • Better housing. • Government inspection of factories. • Women’s suffrage.

27. The Democratic Party &Governor Woodrow Wilson (NJ) Could he rescue the Democratic Party from “Bryanism”??

28. The ReformGovernorof NJ:It TakesTimeto Removethe Grime

29. Democratic Party Platform • Government control of the monopolies  trusts in general were bad  eliminate them!! -- Competition • States Rights – limited government • Tariff reduction. • One-term President. • Direct election of Senators. • Create a Department of Labor. • Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. • Did NOT support women’s suffrage. • Opposed to a central bank. NewFreedom

30. The “Seas” [of Opportunity]Open Up for the Democrats

31. The Results

32. Election Results • By 1912, 100,000 fewer people had voted for Wilson than had voted for Bryan in 1908. • The 1912 election marked the apogee of the Socialist movement in America.

34. On Uncle Sam’s Farm The Democratic party took control of the Senate for the first time in 20 years.

35. TheGOP: AnExtinctAnimal?

36. Wilson’s Accomplishments • Federal Reserve System • Clayton Anti-trust Act - “interlocking directorate”; recognition of unions/ no injunctions • Underwood Tariff • 18th & 19th Amendments • Used the 16th Amendment • Federal Farm Loan Act ---Warehouse Act • Adamson Act • Keatings-Owen Act (Hammer v Dagenhart ) • Brandeis ---SCT • Workman’s Compensation Act • Actions in Ludlow/RR strikes

37. Assessment of Progressivism • How effective was progressivism at addressing the problems of the period? • What was the impact of progressivism on the expectations of people for government? • What was the impact on the relative power of the legislative and executive branches? • What is the long term assessment of the impact of progressivism on the nation? • To what degree do we see progressive ideas operating today?