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Expanding Horizons (1400-1750)

Expanding Horizons (1400-1750). The Quest for Spices. Europe of 1300’s had depended on Asia and India for spices Uses To preserve meats For perfumes, cosmetics, and medicines Spice trade is controlled by Arabs and Venetian merchants.

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Expanding Horizons (1400-1750)

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  1. Expanding Horizons(1400-1750)

  2. The Quest for Spices • Europe of 1300’s had depended on Asia and India for spices • Uses • To preserve meats • For perfumes, cosmetics, and medicines Spice trade is controlled by Arabs and Venetian merchants

  3. Chinese and Indian merchants sold spices to Arab merchants, who shipped the cargoes overland to Europe • Arabs amass huge fortunes

  4. Cut out the “Middle Man” • Europeans look for direct trade routes • Land routes are too risky • Look for sea routes • Motivations that lead Europeans into an era of exploration

  5. Era of ExplorationWhy explore? • Profit through direct trade with Asia • Christians want to stop the spread of Islam • Spread missionary work • Learning and imagination

  6. Technology of Exploration • The Compass-Chinese in Origin • By 1100 sailors used the astrolabe – determines the altitude of the sun or other heavenly bodies • Perfected by the Arabs

  7. Maps-Inaccurate at the time but constantly improving • Cartographers—mapmakers • Skilled improved by 1300 become accurate of Mediterranean coastline • Egyptian astronomer—Ptolemy works appear in Europe • He introduced the grid system-Longitude and Latitude

  8. Construction of ships • Late 1400’s shipwrights outfitted ships with triangle-shape lateen sails (got from Arabs) makes it possible to sail against the wind • Multiple masts vs. just 1 • Moved rudders from the ship’s side to the stern(back) made ships more maneuverable

  9. Larger ships • Were built called Caravels • Carry more cargo • But could venture up shallow inlets

  10. Portugal Leads the Way • 1st to venture out of Atlantic Ocean • 1420-1580—goes down African coast—looking for a route to Asia • Prince Henry the Navigator • Son of King John I of Portugal • Not a sailor—never made an ocean voyage • Brought together: mapmakers, mathematicians, and astronomers to study navigation

  11. Prince Henry the Navigator and Portugal • Sponsored many Portuguese exploration • In the Atlantic (West) • Africa (South) • Discovered the Azores, Madeira Islands and Cape Verde

  12. Portuguese EmpireandExplorers • Bartholomeu Dias • 1487-Leaves Portugal • 1488 - discovers the tip of Africa • Named: The Cape of Good Hope • Can now reach Asia by sailing around Africa

  13. Vasco da Gama Sailed from Portugal to India (took 10 months)

  14. Spain’s Quest for Riches • 1400’s end long wars with the Moors • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella • Italian navigator—Christopher Columbus (1492)—wanted to reach India by sailing West • Other European Rulers declined to finance Columbus’ voyages

  15. Wedding Portrait of Ferdinand and Isabella

  16. Columbus meeting with Ferdinand and Isabella

  17. Columbus sails from Spain • August, 1492 sails with three ships (Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria) • Calculated the trip to be 700 leagues (2,200miles) • Much longer-crew gets nervous-false sightings of land- crew wants to turn back-Mutiny-Columbus agrees to turn back in 3 days

  18. After midnight on the 2nd day the expedition sights land • Sets foot on the Island of Bahamas • Columbus believes he is off the west coast of India – “Indians” • Spent the next 3 mos. Exploring the island (present day Haiti/Dominican Republic and Cuba)—looking for GOLD

  19. Columbus Title • Ferdinand and Isabella give the title: “Admiral of the Oceans Sea, Viceroy and Governor of the Islands he hath discovered in the Indies”

  20. Amerigo Vespucci • Stated Columbus discovered a New World • In honor of him the name “America” begins to appear on maps

  21. Dividing the World • Spain and Portugal want to protect their claims and turn to the Pope for help • 1493 Pope draws the Line of Demarcation—an imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic from the North Pole to the South Pole • Spain controls all lands West • Portugal -- East

  22. Treaty of Tordesillas • (TAWR-duh-See-yahs) • Agree to move the line of demarcation more WEST • Divides all of the lands between the 2 countries

  23. Line of Demarcation

  24. Voyage of Magellan Portuguese Soldier

  25. Magellan • Discovered the Tip of South America—Strait of Magellan • Then sails to the Pacific Ocean (lost ships, killed Captains, Mutiny on the trip) • Sailed for 4 more months reached the Philippines • Magellan is killed in a small skirmish between a local chief and his enemy-rest of crew escapes

  26. Crew sails back to Spain • Voyage last 3 years (1519-1522) • The last ship of Magellan’s reaches Spain-ship is the Victoria—lands in Seville, Spain • THIS IS THE 1ST CIRCUMNAVIGATION of the globe

  27. Results of Magellan • Proved that the world was round • The oceans are connected • Columbus did not discover a route to Asia

  28. Overseas Empires • Portugal and Spain • Portugal: Main interest lay in Africa and Asia—TRADE • Eager to trade with India • Less than 6 mos. After the return of Vasco de Gama, 13 ships were dispatched to India—Spices—Led by Pedro Alvares Cabral—defeated Muslims in a trade war (bloody)

  29. Portugal • Now control the trade routes • Expand trade to ports in China and Japan • They also colonized Brazil • Grew sugarcane, tobacco, coffee and cotton • Brought slaves from Africa

  30. Spain • Conquistadors • Hernan Cortes—left Cuba for Mexico in 1519 • Sailed with 11 ships and 500 men • Landed and marched towards Tenochtitlan The Aztec capital

  31. Cortes

  32. Montezuma II • Aztec ruler • Aztecs thought the Spanish as, “supernatural creatures riding on hornless deer, preceded by wild animals on leashes, dressed in iron.” • Believed that the Spanish had come to fulfill a legendary prophecy—he offers gold • Spaniards see the riches of the city • Spanish slaughter 50,000Aztecs • European diseases killed hundred of thousands

  33. Within 3 years Cortes ruled Mexico

  34. Francisco Pizarro • Invaded Incas (present day Peru) • Captures Inca leader Atahualpa • (AH-tuh-WAHL-puh) • Pizarro has 100 men—he slaughters 2,000 of Atahualpa’s body guards • Atahualpa– fill room with gold in 3 mos. • Doesn’t accomplish it • Pizarro kills him—chokes vs. burns

  35. Pizarro

  36. Building an Empire • 1600’s Spanish Empire includes • West Indies, Central America, much of South America and parts of U.S.

  37. 2 Goals in Americas • Exploit wealth • Convert natives to Christianity • Believed that Natives were their subjects—entitled to land must abide by Spanish Law However: They were abused by plantation owners, destroyed their temples, and banned their religions

  38. Disease was their worst enemy • Locked immunity to: small pox, measles, and influenza • In the first 50 years of Spanish control • Inca population fell from 7 million to 1 million • Spanish bring more enslaved Africans over as laborers Most valuable export—Silver and Gold Crown keeps 1/5 of every shipment Pirates cut into profits

  39. Colonies of the Netherlands • Late 1500’s the Dutch win their Independence from Spain • Dutch Middle Class see commerce the key to survival • Dutch efficient sailors • Carry more cargo with smaller crews • Why is this good?

  40. Amsterdam • Becomes the world’s largest commercial city • Enjoy the highest standard of living

  41. Dutch Trading • 1602 The Dutch East India Co. is chartered • 1619 Co sets up headquarters at Batavia on the island of Java (Indonesia) • Control island trade in: sugar, spices, coffee and tea • By 1621 push the Portuguese and English out of Asia—Muslims were pushed out as well

  42. Indonesia

  43. Dutch Explorers • Henry Hudson • Sets out for N. America—claims land along the Atlantic coast • In 1621 the governments charters the Dutch West Indies Co. to establish colonies in America • New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River

  44. 1652-establish colonies in Africa • Dutch farmers known as Boers settled at the Cape of Good Hope • By 1700’s Dutch power declines—English had emerged as Europe’s leading maritime nation

  45. French and English Colonies • France • 1524-Giovanni da Verrazano (Italian) hired by the French in order to find a Northwest passage to Asia—NO SUCCESS • 10 years later • 1534-Jaques Cartier sails up the St. Lawrence River to present day Montreal (claims much of Eastern Canada for France)

  46. 1608-Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec-the 1st permanent settlement in America for the French • 1673-Missionaries Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet explore the Mississippi Valley • Robert Cavalier A.K.A> Sueur de La Salle claim the entire inland region surrounding the Mississippi River for France

  47. French send Jesuits missionaries to convert the Native Americans • French explorers trade with Native Americans • French also set-up colonies in the West Indies

  48. England • 1497-Henry VIII commissions Italian John Cabot to explore the coast of Newfoundland • Giving English the claim to the Americas • 1500’s English sea captains harass the Portuguese and Spanish—become Privateers or Pirates • 1580’s Francis Drake-1st Englishman to circumnavigate the globe-also a pirate

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