Communicable/ Infectious Diseases

1. Communicable/ Infectious Diseases Unit 8 P. 484

2. Terms • Susceptible- • Relapsing- • Monogamous- • Promiscuity- • Abstinence- • Remission- • Outbreak-

3. What is the Immune System Composed of? 1. 2. 3. 4.

4. What 4 things on our skin kill pathogens? 1. 2. 3. 4. Pathogens that are swallowed are killed by_________.

5. Immune System P.485 Lymphocytes- Two Types: T Cells- B Cells- How many lymphocytes do we have per cubic millimeter of blood?

6. Immune System Lymphocytes: White blood cells that help the body fight pathogens (germs) Two Types: B Cells: produce antibodies (special protein) T Cells: Signal B cells to produce antibodies

7. Immunity P.485 - The body’s resistance to disease-causing agents. Active- Passive- Vaccine-

8. Immunity P. 485 • The body’s resistance to disease-causing agents. Active: Resistance to disease due to the presence of antibodies Passive: Introducing antibodies into a person’s blood stream Vaccine: Weakened disease that is introduced into the body to give immunity (make antibodies)

9. Communicable/ Infectious Diseases P. 487 • An illness caused by pathogens that can be spread from one living thing to another. • Pathogens: Any germ that causes disease. • Contagious: Having the ability to be transmitted. Epidemiology: The study of the source & the spread of diseases.

10. 5 Types of Pathogens P. 487 Bacteria- Fungi- Viruses- Protozoa- Helminth-

11. What to know about types of pathogens P.487 • Bacteria: Microscopic, single celled org., that cause disease. Releases toxins, likes warm, moist dark places. • Fungi (yeast & mold): Simple org., can’t make own food (ex: Athlete’s foot, ringworm) • Viruses- smallest known pathogen, takes over our healthy cells. • Protozoa: Single celled org., can produce toxins that cause disease. • Helminith (worms): Not micro org., cause disease in human body by infecting intestines, muscles, rectum (ex: round worms or Trichinosins) • Microbes: tiny organisms that can’t be seen by the naked eye

12. Viruses Viruses are not cells! Viruses cause disease by invading cells forcing them to reproduce viruses. Some remain in the body for life. Can live outside the body for a short time but must multiply inside. *Smallest disease causing pathogen Examples: rabies, polio, common cold, hepatitis, mumps, chicken pox, shingles, and warts.

13. 6 Ways pathogens are spread P.488 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

14. How Pathogens are Spread P.488 1.May be spread from person to person through direct contact (shaking hands, intimate kissing, sexual intercourse, receiving a transfusion of the person’s blood, touching ulcers or sores, of handling bodily fluids like blood or urine) 2.May be spread in the air (coughing or sneezing) 3.Contact with contaminated objects (needles, razors) 4.Handling or being bitten by an infected insect/animal 5.Contaminated food or water 6.Not washing hands after using the bathroom

15. Possible Causative Factors • Host: person who is ill & is carrying the virus. • Environment: where the host lives. • Time: season of the year. • Agent: germ which caused the illness. Susceptible: having a high chance of getting disease. Relapse: recurrence of symptoms of disease after a period of improvement.

16. Defense Against Infection P.485 First line of defense: Structural • Skin (unbroken) • Mucous Membranes in the mouth, nose, and bronchial tubes • Cilia • Digestive juices (stomach acids) • Tears

17. Second line of defense – Cellular 1. White Blood Cells Phagocytes eat up invaders T-Cells: lymphocytes recognize invaders and active B-Cells B-Cells: responsible for producing antibodies that destroy invading germs 2. Lymph Nodes- gland like structures that serve as filters to screen out bacteria Last line of defense-Immunity (active, passive) Inborn Immunity: temporary immunity that an infant has (acquired from mother’s antibodies)

18. Bacterial STD’s Chlamydia: painful urination and unusual discharge from penis or vagina PID: Pelvic Inflammatory disease (Infection of the internal female reproductive sys.) Syphilis: chancre appears, if it goes away doesn’t mean STD is gone, its dormant. Spirochete: bacteria that causes syphilis Gonorrhea: infects linings of the male and female genital and urinary tracts Gonococcus- bacteria that causes gonorrhea *Bacterial STD’s are curable with antibiotics

19. Viral STD’s P.502 Herpes I: blisters or sores appear on or around the mouth, only transmissible when sores are present Herpes II: causes blisters to appear in genital region HPV: wart in genital area (can cause cervical cancer in females) Hepatitis (A,B,C,D,E): viral infection of the liver *Drugs that help produce antibodies: Vaccines* Parasites: Pubic Lice Trichomoniasis

20. HIV P.504 Transmissible virus that attacks T-cells of the immune system and causes immune deficiency. -The virus that causes AIDS. Some people who become infected with HIV become ill and die within six months. Others may remain in good health and show no signs for six to ten years. Opportunistic Infections: Infections like pneumonia or cancer, that actually kill the person because immune system is low due to HIV

21. Ways HIV is Transmitted p. 506 • List the 7 Ways HIV is transmitted- • 4 bodily fluids that can transmit- • 2 bodily fluids that can not transmit but does contain the virus- • Ways HIV is Not transmitted-

22. Ways of Transmission (P.506) -Contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions. -Injection of infected blood or blood products -Infected mother to baby (Breast Milk) High Risk Behaviors: Anal intercourse, injecting needles with multiple users, vaginal intercourse. Other Risky Behaviors: Oral sex, receiving blood (not too probably anymore) *Ways HIV is NOT transmitted (kissing, hugging, coughing, bathroom facilities, insect bites, sharing towels, prepared or served foods, swimming, sports equipment)

23. How HIV Takes Over the Body P.505 • The virus destroys the T-Cells & disables their function of signaling the B-Cells to produce antibodies. With the immune system so low, the T cells are not able to fight off other microorganisms & cancer cells. The HIV cells multiply.

24. Early Signs of HIV p. 504 • Tiredness • Skin rashes • Night Sweats • Loss of Weight • Diarrhea • Sore throat & fever ** Average time between HIV symptoms & AIDS symptoms is 8-11 years.

25. p. 505 Kaposi’s Sarcoma- AIDS Dementia Complex- HIV Wasting Syndrome- ** Roughly 40,000 people in the US become infected with HIV each year.

26. Incubation Period p. 512 • Word given for the time period when you turn from HIV- to HIV+ • It may take 6 weeks to 6 months before HIV antibodies will show up in the blood. Most people develop antibodies in 6-12 weeks. • Treatment Drugs: slows down the germs ability to reproduce. P.510 • Cure: None

27. Tests P.512 • ELISA: blood test that identifies whether a person has HIV antibodies. • If negative- retest in 6 months, if positive-another ELISA test is done to confirm. • Western Blot Test: this is also an antibody test done to confirm the results of the ELISA test. • Home Testing (2004)-

28. Treatments P.510 Anti-retroviral Drugs- 2 things the drugs do: Cure-NONE

29. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • The last and deadly stage of HIV. • When a person has 200 T-Cells or less they are considered to have AIDS. After symptoms marking the beginning of AIDS development, most people die within two years & the rest within five years.

30. Avoiding STD’s & HIV P.508 • Abstain from sex until marriage • Change your behavior and be tested for STI’s and HIV if you have become sexually active • Have a monogamous relationship & marriage • Choose a drug-free lifestyle • Change your behavior if you use drugs • Avoid sharing needles for tattoos or to pierce body parts • Follow universal precautions