Elisabeth Druel , IDDRI

1. Possible options for a global governance framework under UNCLOS which integrates existing international/regional institutions and processes Elisabeth Druel, IDDRI IUCN -BfN Seminar on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Bonn, 1-3 December 2011

2. 1. Introduction: a scenario analysis • Boulogne-sur-Mer seminar (19-21 September 2011)« Towards a legalframework for the creation and management of cross-sectoral marine protected areas in areas beyond national jurisidition », with 20 highlevel experts of the law of the sea, oceangovernance and biodiversity conservation. • Foresightmethodologiesapplied to different scenarios on the establishment and management of MPAs in ABNJ. • Time horizon: 2030. • Scenarios discussed, challenged and reviewed by the participants. • A regional scenario, an UNCLOS implementing agreement scenario, a CBD additionalprotocol scenario.

3. 1. Introduction: a scenario analysis • Each of the scenarios isdividedinto 4 steps for whichseveralvariantsexist. Step 1: Political, legal and/or institutional basis for the establishment and management of an MPA in ABNJ • The application of existing instruments and mandates (and theirevolution) in the absence of an overarching global agreement; • The adoption of an implementing agreement to UNCLOS, withseveralvariantsrelated to the content of this agreement; • The adoption of an additionalprotocol to the CBD, withseveralvariantsrelated to the content of thisprotocol.

4. 1. Introduction: a scenario analysis Step 2: Process to create or to list an area as MPA in ABNJ A processsupported by: • Governing bodies of the regionalseas conventions; • The relevant RFMO whichthendecides to pursue more comprehensive protection throughothercompetentauthorities; • An « integratedregionaloceans management organisation » or regional agreement that combines the functions of bothregionalseas convention and an RFMO; • An alliance or a coalition of States and otherstakeholders, with the intention of workingthrough global and regional conventions and organisations; • The COP of an UNCLOS implementing agreement or of a CBD additionalprotocol; • An existing international body with a mandate extended to the establishment of MPAs in ABNJ; • A new international body created to supervise the establishment and management of MPAs in ABNJ.

5. 1. Introduction: a scenario analysis Step 3: Adoption of management measures Adoption of management measures by: • The governing bodies of the regionalseas conventions for activitieswhichfallwithintheir mandate; • RFMOs for activitiesrelated to fisheries; • An « integratedregionaloceans management organisation » or regional agreement; • Othercompetentregional and sectoral organisations for activiteswhich do not fallwithin the mandate of RFMOs, regionalseas conventions, regionalagreements or integratedregionaloceans management organisations; • The governing body to an UNCLOS implementing agreement or that of a CBD additionalprotocol; • A global body withcompetencesextended to the management of MPAs in ABNJ; • A new global body created to supervise the establishment and management of MPAs in ABNJ.

6. 1. Introduction: a scenario analysis Step 4: Implementation of management measures • Implementationat the regionallevel by the relevant body(ies) supporting the process; • Coordination of the implementation by a global body withcompetences for or extended to the management of marine biodiversity.

7. 2. The regional scenario STEP 1STEP 2STEP 3STEP 4 APPLICATION OFEXISTING INSTRUMENTSAND MANDATES AND THEIR EVOLUTION IN THE ABSENCE OFAN OVERARCHINGGLOBAL AGREEMENT PROCESS SUPPORTED BYA REGIONAL AGREEMENT OR AN ALLIANCE ORA COALITION OF STATES AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS MANAGEMENT MEASURES ADOPTED BYREGIONAL AGREEMENTS OR BY SECTORAL ORGANISATIONS THROUGH STATESPARTIES TO REGIONAL INITIATIVES OR COALITIONS IMPLEMENTATION AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL

8. 3. The CBD additionalprotocol scenario STEP 1STEP 2STEP 3STEP 4 MPA IDENTIFIEDAND DESIGNATEDAT THE REGIONALLEVEL;INCLUSION IN ANINTERNATIONALLIST MANAGED BY THE GOVERNING BODYIN CHARGE OF THEIMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROTOCOL ADOPTION OF ANADDITIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE CBD –LEGAL BASIS:ARTICLE 5 OF THE CBD ADOPTION OF MANAGEMENTMEASURES AT THE REGIONALLEVEL; MANAGEMENT PLAN SENT TO THE CBD PROTOCOL’SCONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES IMPLEMENTATION BY RELEVANT COMPETENT AUTHORITIES AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL; COORDINATION OF IMPLEMENTATION BY THE COP

9. 4. The UNCLOS implementing agreement scenario STEP 1STEP2STEP 3STEP 4 MPA IDENTIFIEDAND DESIGNATEDAT THE REGIONALLEVEL;INCLUSION IN ANINTERNATIONALLIST MANAGED BY THE GOVERNING BODYIN CHARGE OF THEIMPLEMENTATION OF THE AGREEMENT ADOPTION OF ANIMPLEMENTING AGREEMENT TOUNCLOS; LEGAL BASIS: UNCLOS PART XII ADOPTION OF MANAGEMENT MEASURES AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL;MANAGEMENT PLAN SENT TO THE IMPLEMEN-TING AGREEMENTGOVERNING BODY IMPLEMENTATIONBY COMPETENTAUTHORITIES AT THE REGIONALLEVEL;SUPERVISION OFTHE IMPLEMENTA-TION BY THE GOVERNING BODY

10. 4.The UNCLOS implementing agreement scenario • The assumption: • Adoption of an implementingagreeement to UNCLOS • General objectives • Provisional application of the implementing agreement startingimmedialtyuponits adoption. • Dual approach: • Cooperation, coordination and compliancemonitoredat the global level to promote consistent progressamongst all regions.

11. 4. The UNCLOS implementing agreement scenario • Step 1: Political, legal, and/or institutional basis for the establishment and management of an MPA in ABNJ: Legal basis: UNCLOS Part XII – Article 192 Article 194 § 5 Article 197 Legal mandate: provisions of the implementing agreement allow the establishment of MPAs in ABNJ.

12. 4. The UNCLOS implementing agreement scenario • Step 2: Process to create or to list an area as MPA in ABNJ: Scientific basis 1. MPA identified and designatedat the regionallevel; 2. Proposal for inclusion in an international list 3. Proposalreviewed 4. Criteria met Inclusion in an international list 5. Compliancewith management measures

13. 4. The UNCLOS implementing agreement scenario • Step 2: Process to create or to list an area as MPA in ABNJ: the governing body • Sub-scenario 1: Extension of the mandate of ISA • Sub-scenario 2: Creation of a new international body • Sub-scenario 3: Meeting of the Conference of the Parties with a permanent secretariat

14. 4. The UNCLOS implementing agreement scenario • Step 3: Adoption of management measures • Specific mandate for cooperation and coordination contained in the implementing agreement. • Management plans and associated conservation and management measuresdiscussedat the regionallevel • Implementation of the management planreviewedevery five years.

15. 4. The UNCLOS implementing agreement • Step 4: Implementation of management measures (including MCS) • Financing • Establishment of an infringement in the MPA • Listing of a non-cooperating State or a non-compliant Party • Possibility to have Port State Measures • Reporting

16. 5. Feasibility of the UNCLOS implementing agreement scenario • Focus on the negotiatingprocess and on the ratification and implementation of this instrument • Need of a clear and strong mandate for the negotiation of the instrument • Analysis of the position of the major players/groups • Need of a broadacceptance and universal participation to the agreement • Potentialdifficulty to incorporateprinciples and measures of the implementingagreement intoexisting instruments

17. Thank you Elisabeth Druel + 33 1 45 49 76 83 elisabeth.druel@iddri.org Institute for SustainableDevelopment and International Relations 41 rue du Four 75 337 Paris (France)