Primary vs. Secondary Documents

1. Primary vs. Secondary Documents • Primary Source: a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study. • ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS: Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, official records  • CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art  • RELICS OR ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings • Secondary Source:interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. • PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias • http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html

2. Settlers moved to the west in the 1850s and conflicts arose with Indians 1. Reservations: areas of federal land put aside for Native Americans 2. Sand Creek Massacre (1864):Cheyenne surrendered, US military killed over 200 men women and children 3. Battle of Little Bighorn (1876): gold discovered in the Black Hills (SD). Sioux refused to leave. Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull led the Sioux to a victory. “Custer’s Last Stand” 4. Wounded Knee (1890): (SD) After Sitting Bull is killed, Indians leave the reservations. This is the last war on the Plains. 5. Dawes Act (1887): Gave Indians land ownership (160 acres). Also gave Indians U.S. Citizenship

4. II. Reasons to move west: 1. Discovery of gold 2. Transcontinental RR 3. Offers of free land a. Homestead Act: 160 acres of land for a registration fee and a promise to live on the land for 5 years. b. Morrill Act: granted 17 million acres of land to the states 4. Cattle kingdoms a. New farming techniques (dry farming) b. Farming inventions (John Deere steel plow)

5. III. Results • Increased population • Immigration

6. Immigration to the United States

7. Pre 1800 • EnglandGermany • Ireland • Scandinavia • Scotland • Africa • Skilled workers • Spoke English • Most were Protestant (except Irish) • Settled outside cities on farms

8. 1800-1900 • Italy • Germany • Hungary • Greece • Poland • Russia • Slovakia • Czechoslovakia • China • Japan • Unskilled workers industrial jobs in cities • Spoke little English • Different religious beliefs: • Greek Orthodox • Catholicism • Judaism • Buddhism

13. Chinese Immigration • Reasons for Immigration: • 1. Jobs • Construct RR’s • Peddlers • Agricultural work • Garment working • substitute for slave labor • 2. 1849 California Gold Rush • Negatives: • Cheap labor a threat to American workers • Chinatowns • Worked “dirty” jobs • Opium dens • Prostitution • Gambling

15. Restrictions on Chinese Immigration Naturalization Act of 1870 restricted immigration to “white persons and persons of African descent” Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 suspended Chinese immigration prohibited Chinese from becoming citizens Geary Act (2nd Chinese Exclusion Act) 1892

17. Irish Immigration - 1846 • Ireland ~ 4 million people • Major industry is agriculture • Major crop is the potato • Blight AKA the “Irish Famine” in 1845 ruins ¾ of the crop of potatoes • 1 million die from starvation, typhus

18. Irish to the United States • 2 million emigrate to the United States by 1854 • Lived in cities (NYC, Philly, Boston*, Chicago) • Poor, did not own land • Built RR’s, coalminers, fought in the Civil War • Democrats – feared the slave would compete for jobs • Stereotypes: Catholics that fought with others Bought votes Stuffed ballot boxes Drunks Animal-like (dogs, apes)

19. Italian Immigration • Poverty • Illiteracy (70%) • Overpopulation • Natural disaster • - Mt Vesuvias (buried a town • - Mt Etna (killed 100,000 people) • Division between north and south • relied on la famiglia (the family) instead of Italians as a cohesive ethnic group Between 1880 and 1920, 4 MILLION Italians entered the U.S.

20. Italian Immigration In America: young, single men in their 20’s stayed in cities (no farming) construction work (bridges, roads, the first skyscrapers) began as migrant workers “birds of passage” Negatives: Catholics (seen as oppressive) Fought with the Irish, Portuguese, Polish “dirty” (menial jobs with little education) Little Italy (clusters of ethnicity) Anarchists Organized crime

21. German Immigration • Reasons to Leave: • High food prices, low wages • Persecution – 1848 Rebellion • Religious freedom

22. German Immigration • In America: • Settled on farms in PA or cities in the Midwest • ~6 million people emigrated from Germany between 1820-1914 • Brought reforms to America • Universal education – kindergarten • Better working conditions (8 hour day) • Assimilated • Religion • Language (English)

23. Jewish Immigration • Come largely from Spain and Portugal (Sephardic), Russia, Germany (Ashkenazi) • Reasons to leave: • Pogroms directed at Jews in the 1880s (violent riots) • Land and Gold • Modern vehicles like steam engine and RR • Laws against Jews in Europe • Pay to live • Ordered out • Denied the right to vote • Denied right to hold public office

24. In America: • Skilled laborers • Peddlers • Garment and textile industry (Levi Strauss, Sears & Roebuck) • Educated • Organized into synagogue communities – cities • Assimilated • learned English, • reform

25. Gentile: A person of non-Jewish faith Anti-Semitic: Hostility or discrimination against Jews. Yiddish: A language used by Ashkenazi (European) Jews bupkes glitch kosher MazelTov oy vey shlep shalom

30. JACOB RIIS HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES

31. ….or a one room 12 x 12 with five families living in it, comprising twenty persons of both sexes and all ages, with only two beds, without partition, screen, chair, or table.”