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A NOVEL MULTI-HOP B3G ARCHITECTURE FOR ADAPTIVE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS

PRESENTATION ON THE RESEARCH WORK PUBLISHED AT IEEE WiMob , OCTOBER 2009 , MARRAKECH, MOROCCO. A NOVEL MULTI-HOP B3G ARCHITECTURE FOR ADAPTIVE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS. (PAPER ID: #1569229692). PUBLISHED AND PRESENTED BY: RAJARAJAN.S B.Tech (CSE)

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A NOVEL MULTI-HOP B3G ARCHITECTURE FOR ADAPTIVE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS

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  1. PRESENTATION ON THE RESEARCH WORK PUBLISHED AT IEEE WiMob, OCTOBER2009, MARRAKECH, MOROCCO A NOVEL MULTI-HOP B3G ARCHITECTURE FOR ADAPTIVE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS (PAPER ID: #1569229692) PUBLISHED AND PRESENTED BY: RAJARAJAN.S B.Tech (CSE) ASSISTANT SYSTEMS ENGINEER TRAINEE (RECRUITED) TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES INDIA

  2. AGENDA • HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS • IEEE 802.11-BASED WIRELESS COMPUTER NETWORKS • 3G CELLULAR NETWORK • MULTI-HOP BEYOND 3G NETWORKS • MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH • REVIEW OF LITERATURE • PROPOSED MULTI-HOP B3G NETWORK ARCHITECTURE • ADAPTIVE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT IN MULTI-HOP B3G NETWORKS • RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS • COMPARISON OF PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE WITH EXISTING HWN ARCHITECTURES • CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

  3. INTRODUCTION • IEEE 802.11(b)-based short range Wireless Local Area Networks • Unlicensed frequency: 2.4 GHz • Gross Data Rate: 11 Mbps • Indoor coverage (Theoretical): 250 m • Modes supported: Infrastructure, Ad hoc • 3G – Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) • Licensed Frequency values: 2 GHz (ITU-T) and 900 MHz (Ideal) • Peak Data Rates for Dedicated Channel (dch) 4: • Uplink Data Rate: 384 Kbps • Downlink Data Rate: 2 Mbps • High-speed Data Packet Access Data Rates: • Uplink Data Rate: 2 Mbps • Downlink Data Rate: 7.2 Mbps • Coverage: ~ 20 km per Base Station Transceiver

  4. MULTI-HOP BEYOND 3G NETWORKS • HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS (HWN): Integration of individual wireless networks for seamless connectivity with co-existence of multiple access techniques • MULTI-HOP BEYOND 3G NETWORKS: HWN formed by integration of IEEE 802.11(b) multi-hop Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) and infrastructure Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) with 3G cellular network (such as UMTS) • PURPOSE: • Inter-group communication between nodes of spatially-apart MANETs and WLANs connected by 3G cellular network as the backbone for anytime, anywhere data connectivity • Coupling of high data rate (IEEE 802.11b) and wide range of communication (3G) to facilitate extension of UMTS service over IEEE 802.11(b) networks • Elimination of dead spots in 3G UMTS through extension of coverage by integrating with MANET/WLAN

  5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: To enable dual-interface of 3G and IEEE 802.11b networks on Gateway nodes of MANET/WLAN to communicate with the backbone 3G network To select an optimal Gateway using related metrics of the MANET nodes To perform Adaptive Gateway Migration to sustain end-to-end connectivity of the integrated HWN network for data transfer To provide suitable Gateway Discovery mechanism suited for multi-hop packet transfer to the Gateway MODEL OF A MULTI-HOP B3G NETWORK AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

  6. MOTIVATION OF RESEARCH • GATEWAY: Dual-interfaced intermediate node in MANET that enables data transfer from nodes of the MANET across the external UMTS network • Configuration and enabling of dual interfaces of 3G and IEEE 802.11(b) in the Gateway for hybrid interfacing with UMTS and MANET • Research Issues in Gateway Management: • Interfacing Gateway nodes dually with MANET and UMTS network interfaces, which exist in two different spectrum regions • Choosing an Optimal Gateway Selection Mechanism to select a MANET Gateway to serve as a liaison with the external 3G backbone network • Gateway-centric issues such as Mobility and Depletion factors of the Gateway • Choosing an Optimal Gateway Discovery Mechanism (Pro-active, Reactive, Hybrid)

  7. REVIEW OF LITERATURE • « Simulation-based analysis of TCP over beyond 3G Cellular Multi-hop Networks », Anthony Lo et al. [1]: • Devised the protocol stack for IEEE 802.11(b)- and UMTS-interfaced Gateway node. • A single static Gateway node without issues of mobility and depletion • « A Unified Cellular and Ad-hoc Network Architecture », Ramachandran Ramjee et al. [2]: • MANET – deployed as a proxy network between cellular network and mobile clients to provide high data rate services. • « Issues in integrating Cellular Networks, WLANs and MANETs: A Futuristic Heterogeneous Approach », Dave Cavalcanti et al. [3]: • Issues on integrating individual networks in Physical, MAC, Data Link, Network, Transport and Application layers • Detailed Comparative study of existing HWN architectures • « An architecture for connecting ad hoc networks with IPv6 backbone using a wireless Gateway », Nico Bayer et al. [4]: • Dual-interface of Gateway with MANET and WLAN Access Point • Wired infrastructure IPv6 backbone network connected to WLAN AP

  8. REVIEW OF LITERATURE • « An Optimum Multi-metrics Gateway Selection Mechanism in MANET and Infrastructured Networks Integration », Fudhiyanto Pranata Setiawan et al. [6]: • Gateway selection on basis of metrics such as residual energy, number of hops from source and mobility speed – Limited significance to infrastructured backbone network • Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method called Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) to outrank the optimum node • MANET nodes can communicate with external network using different Gateways, one for each MANET node • « Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery Scheme in Hybrid Wireless Networks », Usman Javaid et al. [7]: • Combines pro-active and reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms • Describes configuration of advertisement interval and zone, corresponding to number of hops • « A Module-based Wireless Node for Multi-Channel and Multi-interface support in ns2 – Notes and Documentation », Laurent Paquereau et al. [9]: • Configuration of a node with dual interfaces of different networks • Support for Base and Portal node configuration of IEEE 802.11 networks.

  9. PROPOSED MULTI-HOP B3G NETWORK ARCHITECTURE RNC SGSN WLAN GGSN UMTS BST 3G ACTIVE REGION NODE B MANET (MULTI-HOP) Gateway Candidates MANET Gateway HOST WLAN Access Point IP NETWORK MANET/WLAN Active Source nodes

  10. MULTI-HOP B3G ARCHITECTURE • Individual networks in the proposed Multi-hop B3G Architecture: • IEEE 802.11(b) infrastructure-less Multi-hop MANET • IEEE 802.11(b) infrastructure single-hop WLAN • 3G UMTS Cellular backbone network • Support of peer-to-peer communication in MANET and support of communication via Access Point in WLAN • Components of UMTS Core Network: • Mobile Station (MS) • Base Station Transceiver (BST) : UTRAN interface • Radio Network Controller (RNC) : Co-ordinates radio resources for BST • Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) : Routing within core components • Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) : Communication with external network and performs packet-switching within UMTS

  11. 3G ACTIVE REGION AND GATEWAY CANDIDATES • 3G ACTIVE REGION: Region within MANET where 3G signal strength is profound/intense • GATEWAY CANDIDATES: Nodes of MANET lying within or migrating to 3G Active Region • Configuration of IEEE 802.11b and 3G UMTS Network interfaces, but enabling of only IEEE 802.11b network interface on all nodes • Additional enabling of 3G UMTS Network interface only on GATEWAY CANDIDATES • Activation of IEEE 802.11b and 3G Network interfaces only on the node selected as the GATEWAY at that instance • Employment of Gateway Selection Mechanism to select a single Gateway from the Gateway Candidates

  12. DUAL-INTERFACE CONFIGURATION OF THE GATEWAY NODE B (UMTS) MANET MN UTRAN interface MN 3G UMTS INTERFACE BANDWIDTH 384 Kbps (UPLINK RATE) 2.0 Mbps (DOWNLINK RATE) 0.1Mbps BASIC RATE 900 Mhz FREQUENCY DEDICATED CHANNEL-IV MANET GATEWAY IEEE 802.11 (b) INTERFACE 11 Mbps BANDWIDTH 1 Mbps BASIC RATE 2.4Ghz FREQUENCY

  13. ADAPTIVE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT MECHANISM • MULTI-METRIC GATEWAY SELECTION MECHANISM: • GATEWAY CANDIDATE METRICS CONSIDERED FOR SELECTION: • RESIDUAL ENERGY (POSITIVE CRITERION) • 3G SIGNAL STRENGTH (POSITIVE CRITERION) • MOBILITY SPEED (NEGATIVE CRITERION) • ADAPTIVE GATEWAY MIGRATION MECHANISM: • ENERGY-EFFICIENT GATEWAY MIGRATION • MULTI-METRIC GATEWAY MIGRATION • GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISMS: • PRO-ACTIVE • REACTIVE • HYBRID

  14. MULTI-METRIC GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM (MGSA)-SIMPLE ADDITIVE WEIGHTING Xi – Xmin Yi= Xmax - Xmin • 1. Broadcast GWSOL to all nodes of MANET by a random ACTIVE_SOURCE • 2. If (NODE_TYPE = GATEWAY_CANDIDATE) Then • 2.1 Reply with metric information of RESIDUAL_ENERGY, UMTS_RSS, • MOBILITY_SPEED via a HELLO packet • 3. Else • 3.1 Relay GWSOL to all MANET nodes, in the next hop and so on, till the last hop • 4. End If • 5. For each GATEWAY_CANDIDATEx where 1<x<m and m is the total number of GATEWAY_CANDIDATES do • 5.1 For each metric Xi where 1<i<3do • 5.1.1 If(Xi[CRITERION] is POSITIVE) Then

  15. MULTI-METRIC GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM (MGSA)...(Contd) Xmax – Xi Yi= Xmax - Xmin 3 Wx = ∑( Xi[PRIORITY_FACTOR] * Yi) i= 1 • 5.1.2 Else If(Xi[CRITERION] is NEGATIVE) Then • 5.1.3 End If 5.2 End For 5.3 Calculate weight of GATEWAY_CANDIDATExas: 6. End For • 7. Now select the GATEWAY_CANDIDATE having the maximum Weight (Wx) as the NEW_GATEWAY • 8. Use Hybrid Gateway Discovery Mechanism to advertise the GATEWAY • 9. Activate UTRAN interface of the selected Gateway to communicate with 3G

  16. ADAPTIVE GATEWAY MIGRATION – THE PROCESS S2 S1 METRIC RESPONSE METRIC RESPONSE GC GC GW METRIC REQUEST METRIC REQUEST NEW GW COMPUTATION OF WEIGHTS LOSS OF OPTIMALITY

  17. MULTI-METRIC ADAPTIVE MIGRATION MECHANISM (MAGMM) • If ((GATEWAY[ENERGY] < THRESHOLD_ENERGY) Or (GATEWAY[SIGNAL_STRENGTH]<THRESHOLD_SIGNAL_STRENGTH)) Then • Call MGSA to select a new GATEWAY and name it GATEWAY_ELECT • Complete the on-going transmission and forward all new incoming packets to GATEWAY_ELECT • Use Hybrid Gateway Discovery Mechanism to inform the MANET about GATEWAY_ELECT • De-activate 3G interface on the GATEWAY and Activate 3G interface on the GATEWAY_ELECT • GATEWAY_ELECT sends ACK packet to GATEWAY • GATEWAY becomes ACTIVE_SOURCE in MANET and GATEWAY_ELECT becomes the GATEWAY • End If

  18. GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISMS GWADV s GWADV GWADV GWADV G • PRO-ACTIVE • Periodic Broadcast of GATEWAY ADVERTISEMENT (GWADV) message by the GATEWAY • Less Delay • More Overhead

  19. GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM...Contd GWSOL s GWSOL GWSOL GWSOL G • REACTIVE • On-demand Broadcast of GATEWAY SOLICITATION (GWSOL) message by Active Sources of MANET requiring data transfer • Less Overhead • More Delay

  20. GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM...(Contd) s GWSOL GWSOL GWADV GWADV G • HYBRID • Integration of Pro-active and Reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms • Periodic Broadcast of GWADV by Gateway and On-demand Broadcast of GWSOL by Active Sources in MANET • Less Overhead • Less Delay • Requires Configuration of GWADV zone and time interval

  21. HIERARCHICAL ADDRESSING MECHANISM • Integrated Multi-hop B3G Network consists of individual MANET, UMTS and WLAN sub networks • Configuration of a specified number of clusters within the Sub-network • Specific number of nodes within every cluster • Hierarchical Addressing Format: • <domain_address>.<cluster_id>.<node_id>

  22. MAGMM METRICS • 3 PHASES: • Energy-efficient Adaptive Gateway Migration Mechanism (EAGMM) • Multi-metric Adaptive Gateway Migration Mechanism (MAGMM) • End-to-end Polymorphic Routing • MAGMM METRICS: • α = Residual Energy • β = UMTS Signal Strength • γ = Mobility Speed • MAGMM WEIGHTING FACTORS: • W1 : α = 0.2 ; β = 0.5 ; γ = 0.3 • W2 : α = 0.3 ; β = 0.2 ; γ = 0.5 • W3 : α = 0.33 ; β = 0.33 ; γ = 0.33 • PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HWN PARAMETERS • Transaction Duration (TD) • Data Packet Delivery Ratio (DPDR) • Control Packet Overhead (CPO) • Throughput • Packet Drop Fraction • Evaluation of Energy-efficient and Multi-metric Adaptive Gateway Migration against the number of sources generating data packets

  23. MANET SIMULATION PARAMETERS

  24. UMTS SIMULATION PARAMETERS

  25. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS IMPROVEMENT = 27.08% IMPROVEMENT = 31.5%

  26. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION IMPROVEMENT : 31% (minimum) IMPROVEMENT : 23.5%

  27. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS IMPROVEMENT : 5% IMPROVEMENT : 2.4% (Maximum)

  28. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING HWN ARCHITECTURES • Adaptive Gateway Management-based Multi-hop B3G Architecture (AGMMB3G)

  29. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING HWN ARCHITECTURES...(Contd.)

  30. CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH • CONCLUSION SUMMARY: • Devised a multi-hop B3G Network Architecture • Adaptive Gateway Management • Multi-metric Gateway Selection Algorithm (MGSA) • Energy-efficient Adaptive Gateway Migration Mechanism (EAGMM) • Multi-metric Adaptive Gateway Migration Mechanism (MAGMM) • Hybrid Gateway Discovery • Sustains connectivity of the MANET with the external UMTS for a longer time. • Evaluation of multi-hop B3G in terms of Transaction Duration, Data Packet Delivery Ratio and Control Packet Overhead • FUTURE WORK: • Proposal of an End-to-end polymorphic routing, integrating multi-hop reactive routing in MANET, pro-active routing in 3G UMTS, single-hop packet forwarding in WLA for data transfer in the integrated HWN • Enabling QoS group communication for multicasting in HWN

  31. REFERENCES [1] Anthony Lo, Jinglong Zhou, Ignas Niemegeers, “Simulation-based Analysis of TCP over beyond 3G Cellular Multi-Hop Networks”, In Proceedings of the 17th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), pp. 1-5, September 2006. [2] Maiyun Luo, Ramachandran Ramjee, Prasun Sinha, Li(Erran) Li, Songwu Lu, “A Unified Cellular and Ad-Hoc Network Architecture (UCAN)”, In Proceedings of ACM MOBICOM, pp. 353-367, September 2003 [3] Dave Cavalcanti, Dharma Agarwal, Carlos Cordeiro, Bin Xie and Anup Kumar, “Issues in Integrating Cellular Networks, WLANs and MANETs: A Futuristic Heterogeneous Wireless Network”, In IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine, v12 i3. pp.30-41, June 2005. [4] Nico Bayer, Bangnan Xu and Sven Hische, “An Architecture for connecting Ad hoc Networks with the IPv6 Backbone (6 Bone) using a wireless Gateway”, In Proceedings of European Wireless Conference, February 2004. [5] “Overview of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)”,at http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/overview.htm

  32. REFERENCES [6] Fudhiyanto Pranata Setiawan, Safdar Hussain Bouk and Iwao Sasase, “An Optimum Multiple Metrics Gateway Selection Mechanism in MANET and Infrastructured Networks Integration”, In Proceedings Of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, pp. 2229-2234, March 2008. [7] Usman Javaid, Djamal-Eddine Meddour, Sahibzada Ali Mahmud, Toufik Ahmed, “Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery Scheme in Hybrid Wireless Networks”, In Proceedings Of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, pp. 2735-2740, March 2008. [8] Fall, K. and Varadhan, K. “The ns Manual”. available at http://wwwi.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation.html [9] Centre for Quantifiable Quality of Service in Communication Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, “A Module-based Wireless Node for Multi-channel Multi-interface support in ns2 – Notes and Documentation”, Laurent Paquereau edition, March 2007. [10] Anthony Lo, Jinglou Zhou, Martin Jacobsson, Ignas Niemegeers, “ns-2 Models for Simulating a Novel Beyond 3G Cellular Multi-hop Network”, In Proceeding series of ACM International Conference; Vol. 202, 2006.

  33. REMAINING PORTION OF THE B.Tech PROJECT WORK – UNCOVERED IN IEEE WiMob 2009 (INDICATED AS FUTURE RESEARCH)

  34. SEAMLESS END-TO-END POLYMORPHIC ROUTING RNC BST BST WLAN MANET WIRED WIRED S AP AP 3G ROUTING 3G ROUTING DUMB AGENT UMTS AODV AODV GW GW AODV D SEAMLESS END-TO-END POLYMORPHIC ROUTINGINTEGRATION OFAODV : REACTIVE, 3G, WIRED : PRO-ACTIVE, DUMB AGENT : SINGLE-HOP PACKET FORWARDING

  35. END-TO-END POLYMORPHIC ROUTING ALGORITHM • If (source == MANET_NODE) Then • Select new Gateway by Multi-metric Gateway Selection mechanism or by MAGMM, in case existing Gateway loses optimality • Identify GATEWAY within MANET sub-network using Hierarchical Addressing mechanism • If Gateway is determined, use reactive routing protocol to route data packets to GATEWAY • Use pro-active routing to forward data from 3G interface of the GATEWAY to UMTS BST • Else If (source == WLAN_NODE) Then • Use DUMB_AGENT routing for single-hop packet forwarding from source to AP • Use pro-active routing to forward data from 3G interface of the AP to UMTS BST • End If • Identify RNC in the UMTS sub-network using Hierarchical Addressing

  36. END-TO-END POLYMORPHIC ROUTING ALGORITHM • Use 3G Pro-active routing to transfer data packets within UMTS core components such as SGSN, GGSN and RNC. • Forward data packets from RNC to the BST of the destination network. • If (destination == MANET_NODE) Then • Use pro-active routing from BST to 3G interface of the GATEWAY • Identify DESTINATION_NODE within MANET sub-network using Hierarchical Addressing Mechanism • Use reactive routing to route data packets from GATEWAY to DESTINATION_NODE • Else If (destination==WLAN_NODE) Then • Forward data packets from BST to 3G interface of the AP • Send BEACON signals and identify DESTINATION_NODE within WLAN using Hierarchical Addressing mechanism • Use DUMB_AGENT routing to forward packets from AP to DESTINATION_NODE • End If

  37. END-TO-END POLYMORPHIC ROUTING ALGORITHM • Forward data packets from RNC to the BST of the destination network. • If (destination == MANET_NODE) Then • Use pro-active routing from BST to 3G interface of the GATEWAY • Identify DESTINATION_NODE within MANET sub-network using Hierarchical Addressing Mechanism • Use reactive routing to route data packets from GATEWAY to DESTINATION_NODE • Else If (destination==WLAN_NODE) Then • Forward data packets from BST to 3G interface of the AP • Send BEACON signals and identify DESTINATION_NODE within WLAN using Hierarchical Addressing mechanism • Use DUMB_AGENT routing to forward packets from AP to DESTINATION_NODE • End If

  38. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS IMPROVEMENT : 38% IMPROVEMENT = 73.91%

  39. QUERIES???

  40. THANK YOU PRESENTED BY: RAJARAJAN.S B.Tech (CSE) RECRUITED ASSISTANT SYSTEMS ENGINEER TRAINEE TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES PUDUCHERRY, INDIA

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