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Excellence from the sky to the land-a review of BMW 100-year history Part One

Today's BMW is one of the most successful luxury car brands, with good sales and reputation all over the world. However, in its 100-year history, it has not always been smooth sailing. At the most difficult time, BMW even became a "BMW Wood Factory" and a "BMW Cookware Factory"... Today, let us review the those ups and downs history stories of BMW's 100-year history.

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Excellence from the sky to the land-a review of BMW 100-year history Part One

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  1. Excellencefromtheskytotheland-a review of BMW 100-year history Part One Today'sBMWisoneofthemost successfulluxurycarbrands,withgoodsalesand reputation all over the world. However, in its 100-year history, it has not always been smoothsailing.Atthemostdifficult time,BMW even becamea"BMWWoodFactory"anda "BMWCookwareFactory"...Today,letusreviewthethoseupsanddownshistorystoriesof BMW's100-yearhistory

  2. 1.Earlyaircraftenginemanufacturing BMW'sfirstproductwas theBMW IIIainline6-cylinderaircraft engineregisteredin1917. That's right, the "in-line 6 cylinder" that made bimmer's eyes shine. The reason why the first product was named not with the Roman numeral I but with III was because the "relevantdepartment"IdFliegclassifiedtheaircraftenginesaccordingtothepower level. BMW's engines belonged to the higher power level III. Don't think too much, it's not a movieclassification. TheBMWIIIahasoutstandinghigh-altitudeperformanceandcanburstout 150kW ofpower atanaltitudeof2,000meters. Atthattime,theFokkerD.VIIFfighteraircraftequipped withthisenginecompletelyoutperformedtheBritishandFrenchfightersintermsof mobilityandclimbperformance.TheBMW IIIabecameanexplosivemodelafter itwasput intoproductionin 1918.Duetoinsufficientproductioncapacity,theMunichplanteven had to transferpart ofitsproductiontotheOpel plantinRuesselsheim.In1919,theJunkers F.13passengerplaneequippedwith thisengineflew8peopletoanaltitudeof6,750 meters, settingtheworldrecord forthealtitudeofthepassengerplaneatthattime.

  3. Another point is that at this time, BMW was not called BMW, but BFW, the full name is Bayerische FlugZeug-Werke, which means the Bavarian Aircraft Factory. At that time, the streamlined biplanereconnaissanceaircraftmadebyBMW wasfamousintheworld. In 1919, as a defeated country in the First World War, Germany signed the Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and the participating countries, the Treaty of Versailles. Germany wasbannedfromorganizingtheairforce, andBMWstoppedproductionofitsonlyproduct, theBMWIIIa.Before manufacturingmotorcyclesandautomobiles,BMWfirstmanufactured pneumatic brakes for Knorr-Bremse OEM trains, and then sold them to Knorr-Bremse as a whole. Althoughbusinesshasgrownandemployeeshaveincreased, BMWis nowfarther and fartherawayfromenginemanufacturing. 2.The manufactureof motorcyclesafter WorldWarI

  4. In1922,BMW'senginedivisionseparatedfromKnorr-Bremseandmergedwiththe BayerischeFlugzeugwerke.In thefollowingyear,BMWintroducedthefirstmotorcycleR32. TheR32isequippedwitha0.5-literhorizontallyopposedtwin-cylinderenginewitha maximum power of 6.3kW and a top speed of 100km/h. By 1926, sales of the R32 reached 3,000,helpingBMWoutofthecrisisaftertheFirstWorldWar.Notethatthisisin 1922. 3.Ontherighttrackandstartbuildingcar Finally, the familiar "car company" BMW is about to build cars. In 1928, BMW acquired Dixi Automobil Werke AG. Dish’s only product at the time was 3/15, the same model as the Austin7authorizedbytheBritish AustinMotorCompany,which becametheBMW 3/15.

  5. In 1933, BMW introduced the 303, equipped with a BMW 1.2-liter inline 6-cylinder M78 engine with a maximum power of 22kW and a maximum torque of 68Nm. Together with the firstappearanceofthedouble-kidneygriddesign, the303openedBMW'sautomotive history.

  6. 4.MotorcyclemanufacturingduringWorldWar I In 1935, Hitler tore up the Treaty of Versailles. In 1939, the German army struck Poland withlightning,andWorldWar IIbrokeout.In thesameyear,BMWacquired theBrandenburgischeMotorenwerke(alsoknownas Bramo)fromSiemens,mergedwiththe aircraft enginedivision,andestablishedBMWFlugmotorenbau GmbH,whichbegan to produceaircraftengines.Theshiftof business focusduringthewareventually ledtothe Naziregime'scontrolofBMWandtheweakeningofBMW'sinternalmanagement. In1940,BMW'smotorcyclefactoryinMunichabandonedtheproductionofnon-military motorcycles,leavingonly twoheavy-duty motorcycles,theR12andR75.R12was launched in 1935andisequippedwitha0.75-literhorizontallyopposedtwin-cylinderenginewitha maximum power of 13kW and a top speed of 120km/h. By 1942, the output of R12 reached 36,000,becomingoneofBMW'smost successfulmotorcyclesat thattime.

  7. 5.Aircraftengine manufacturingduringWorldWarII Inearly1942,dueto wartimeneeds,BMW'smotorcycleproductionwastransferredto Eisenach,andtheMunichplantwasfullyput intoproductionofaircraftengines.Among them,themostfamousaircraftenginesincludeBMW801andBMW003. The BMW 801 uses a 14-cylinder radial design with a power of 1,150 to 1,470kW. The BMW 801isfamousforbeingmountedon theFocke-WulfFw190fighterknownasthe"Butcher's Bird".Itbroketheinlineaircraft engineatthattime(forexample,BMW'sfirstproduct BMW IIIa). The radial engine has a small frontal volume and therefore low resistance, which is moresuitableforthegeneralrecognitionofhigh-performancedesign.TheBMW801was thelargestradial aircraftengineproducedduringWorldWarII,with an outputofmorethan 28,000units.

  8. TheBMW003wasinitiallydevelopedbytheBrandenburgEnginePlant, code-named109- 003.In1939,BMWacquiredtheBrandenburgEnginePlant togetherwiththe109-003 project.However,sincethefirsttest in 1940,theBMW003'sproblems"cannotstopatall." TheMesserschmittMe-262 fighter,whichwasoriginally plannedto beequippedwith this engine, later abandoned BMW altogether. It was not until 1943 that the BMW 003 passed thetestandmassproductionbeganthefollowing year. TheBMW 003isoneofthetwo turbojet engines put into production in Germanyduring World War II. BMW produced only about 500 units in total, and only a small part was installed on the aircraft. But even this small part is enough to make the BMW 003 "unreliable". Fortunately,theBMW003was not successful.Becauseaccordingto latercalculations,ifthe warlasts untilmid1946,theannualoutputof Germanturbojetenginescanreach100,000 ormore,andthepossiblethreatandeventhelossoflifeandpropertycausedbythiswillbe immeasurable.However,theBMW 003wascapturedbytheSoviet Union andFranceafter thewar,layingthefoundationforthedevelopmentof turbojetengines in thetwo countries. 6.The predicament andriseafter WorldWarII At the end of World War II, the BMW factory in Munich was completely blown up by the Allies,andengineproductionwasbannedbytheAllies.BMW startedwiththeproductionof potsandpans(BMWpotfactory),andgraduallyexpandeditsproductsto otherkitchen suppliesandbicycles.In 1947,withthepermissionoftheUnitedStates,BMWresumed

  9. motorcycleproduction.InEastGermany,theEisenachfactoryresumedmotorcycle productionasearlyas1945. Attheendofthe1940s,BMW determineditsstrategytoentertheluxurycarmarketbased ontherealityofitsownsmallproductioncapacity.In 1951,BMW launchedthe501 luxury sedan.In 1954,salesofluxurycarsdoubled.In1955,BMW introducedthe507 sportscar.

  10. At the same time, in response to the consumer trend of the German market shifting from motorcyclestolightvehicles,BMWpurchasedIsetta's production licenseandtheproduction equipment needed to build the body. The BMW Isetta was put into production in 1955, and sales exceeded 10,000 that year. By the end of production in 1962, BMW had produced a totalof161,728Isettas.

  11. 7.AlmostacquiredbyMercedes-Benz SincetheAmericansliftedthebanonmotorvehicleproduction,BMW hasfinallygainedthe independence that it has dreamed of for decades. From then on, no one can tell its own business. However, after more than ten years of development, BMW in 1959 found that the cars it launched after the war hardly made money: BMW 501 power technology is old, 502, 503, 507 luxury car sales are too low to be profitable, although Isetta is selling well But the profitistoolow,andtheBMW 600basedonIsettaislikean outcastinthemarket. If you are careful enough, you will find that all the cars produced by BMW so far are concentratedinthetwoextremes. Theyhavethemostluxuriousand the lowest-end models, but BMW is not prepared for the growing demand for middle-class car purchases after the 1950s. Like Germany in the two world wars, BMW is stuck in a two-line battle. It produces luxury cars to compete with Mercedes-Benz, and economic models directly target the public. It is a pity that BMW lost this "war", and it was a two-front defeat. Both Mercedes-BenzandVolkswagenachievedbrilliantachievementsafterthewar,butBMW had tofacehugelosses.

  12. In 1954, BMW sold its Allach plant to MAN. Later, AMC and Rootes in the United States also expressed their hope to acquire BMW. At the same time, the Bavarian government also introducedaBMWrescueplan-directlymergedit into Mercedes-Benz. All M&Aplansare unwilling to see BMW shareholders, because BMW will lose its hard-won independence. The "blue sky and white clouds" are likely to disappear from the car body and steering wheel forever, andthen retaintheBMWname. Thereisonlyoneproductformotorcycles.

  13. At the shareholders meeting in December 1952, the plan to incorporate Mercedes-Benz was formallyproposed. ForBMWatthetime,thisseemedtobetheonlyoption. Dealers and minority shareholders rose up to oppose the merger, but they were at a loss as to how BMW could tide over the difficulties. At a critical moment, the Quandt family led by Herbert Quandt and his brother Harald took a shot. They invested heavily in BMW and took controlofthecompany. TheQuandtfamily isoneof thewealthiestfamiliesin Germany.Theycontrolalarge numberof industrialcompanies inGermany,but theyalmost nevershowupinpublic.Low- keyisthecommonfeatureofmembersofthisfamily.Herbert Quandt’sfamilypreviously owned 10%ofMercedes-Benzandabout30%ofBMW’sshares.WhenBMWwasin crisis, Herbert had no intention of intervening in the merger of the two companies, but at the last momenthedecidedtoinvestmoneytomaintainBMW’sindependence. Herbert'sfinancialadviser opposedhis approach,andtheQuandt familyalsodidnot support it.Everyonebelievedthat thedyingcompanywashopeless.But in theendHerbert still rejected the crowd and injected a lot of money into BMW, because he believes that the reputation for quality and performance over the years is worthy of the brand's continued existence. 8.Newseries,newbeginning Thanks to the investment of the Quandt family and the profits of the 700 series models, BMW receivedfundingto develop newmodels in theearly 1960s.Throughmarketresearch, BMWdecidedto positionthenewmodel asamid-sizecarbetweenMercedes- BenzandVolkswagen. In 1960,the"NewClass"projectwasofficiallylaunched.BMWequippedthisprojectwith manytopautomotivetalents:FritzFiedler,whowaspoachedbytheBritish,hadreturnedto

  14. BMWatthistime, andhewastheheadoftheentireproject. Inaddition,Eberhard Wolff was responsible for the chassis design of the new car, the design style and body engineering were overseen by Wilhelm Hofmeister, and the new engine was managed by Alex von FalkenhausenBuild. Thefirstmodelofthe"NewClass"project,theBMW 1500,wasunveiledattheFrankfurt MotorShowin 1961,andtheformalmassproductionwasayearlaterinDecember1962. The new car is a four-door sedan mid-size sedan, which uses four-wheel independent suspension,andfrontwheeldiscbrakeshavebecomestandardequipment.

  15. The BMW 1500 can be said to be the originator of the 3 series. It has perfect driving experience and control. In addition, the front edge of the C-pillar of the BMW 1500 and the 3200 CS model that was unveiled at the same time has a special corner. This corner is called by the name of its designer. For the "Hofmeister kink", the C-pillar design has since becomethesameBMWclassicdesignasthekidneygrille.

  16. Thistime,an in-linefour-cylinderenginewasbuiltspecifically for the"NewClass"series positionedin mid-rangecars.OriginallyBMW’srequirementwas1.3Ldisplacement,but Falkenhausen believed that this was not enough to meet the company’s future needs, so he persuaded the company to set the displacement of the new engine to 1.5L. In addition, he speciallyreservedthemodificationwhendesigningthis engine.Inorder to easilyexpand thedisplacementon thebasisof theexistingenginewhen morepowerfulmodelsare neededinthefuture. The code name of this engine, originally its code name is "M115", where the last two numbers represent the displacement of 1.5L. In the next few years, BMW introduced a variety of displacement versions based on this engine, and most of their code names followed the "M1××" naming method. In 1975, BMW referred to this series of engines collectively as the "M10" series, and then in 1980 the company unified its own engine namingrules,suchasthenewnameof the1.8LengineoftheM10 seriescalled"M10B18". The performance of the "New Class" four-door sedan in the mid-size car market is very impressive, so BMW struck the iron while it was hot, and launched a two-door version of 1600 at the Geneva Motor Show in 1966: 1600-2 (the "-2" in the car name represents The two-door,1600-2wassubsequentlyrenamed 1602,and itwascollectivelyreferred toas the"02series"withthesubsequent 1802and1502models,andthepreviousfour-door modelswerecalledthe"00series").Itschassisisalsobasedonthe"NewClass"platform, butthewheelbaseisshorter,andsomeluxuryandcomfortconfigurationsarealsoreduced. The reduction in size and configuration has brought more flexible handling and more affordableprices,whichhaswonBMWmoreyoungconsumersandhomeusers.

  17. Thereisalso averyfamousstoryabout thistwo-doormodel:1600-2 wasoriginally positioned to face the lower-end market, but the lightweight body made many people notice itssportspotential,BMWproductplanningmanagerBönschandM10 enginedesigner Falkenhausen also put a 2000 2.0L engine into their private 1600-2. When they found out thattheotherparty hadalsomadethesamemodificationas themselves,theyrealizedthat theremustbesomeonthemarket.Thisdemand.

  18. Immediately, BönschandFalkenhausensubmittedtheirproposalto producea2.0Ltwo- doormodel totheBMWboard.Atthesametime,AmericandealerMaxHoffmanalsoissued a request to BMW to produce a sports two-door model. BMW adopted their suggestions, and the famous BMW 2002 came into being. Then BMW successively introduced high- performanceversionssuchas2002ti,2002 tiiand2002 turbo.TheyhelpedBMWwin many races including the 1970 Nürburgring 24 Hours. There is no doubt that 2002 is one of the most famous models of the BMW brand in the 20th century. Its powerful handling has earnedBMWthereputationof"driver'scar". Ifyou lookclosely,youcan findthat thewordsonthe2002spoilerarereversed.This isintentional,sothat thecarinfrontcanrecognizeitat aglancein therearviewmirror. 9.Buildabrandandgoglobal Thehotsalesof"NewClass"anditsderivativemodelsfinallymadeBMW turnaround.In fact,BMWgot morethan just materialreturns fromit,becauseitwasfromthisseriesthat BMW gradually established itself as a "sports luxury brand." The status of the arena. The foundationofthesuccessof"NewClass"isnaturallyitsstrongproductpower,anda successfulmarketingstrategyisalsoindispensable. At the same time, American auto brands often start with designers and engineers to build a car, andthenmarketpersonnelwilldomarketingworkbasedon thecharacteristicsofthe car. However, BMW is very clever to first determine a brand personality (sports luxury), and thendesign productsaroundthispositioning,sothat theentirebrand's marketingstrategy willbeveryunified,andit will alsomakeit easierfor consumerstorememberthebrand.

  19. Inthe 1960s, BMWwasfar lesswell-knowninthe world thanMercedes-Benz and Volkswagen. Therefore, when the "New Class" was invested in the world's largest car market,theUnitedStates,BMW carriedoutveryeffectivebrandpromotion.It was here that BMW put forward the slogan "The Ultimate Driving Machine". A short sentence became themostsuccessfulsloganinBMWhistory. 10.Returnto the luxurycarmarket The00seriesinBMW's“NewClass”waspositionedas amid-level/executive-levelcarat the time. Their success also made BMW consider continuing to introduce higher-level luxury models,whichwouldallowit tosharewithMercedes-Benzin thegrowingluxury carmarket. A piece of the pie can also shape the image of the BMW brand as a luxury car manufacturer. The full-sizefour-door luxurysedan,code-namedE3,wasproduced in1968. Ituses a BMW'slatestM30inlinesix-cylinderengine. Because of the use of a six-cylinder engine, this series is also called BMW's "New Six" series. Its two-door coupe version is codenamed E9. The first model is the 2800 CS with a 2.8L engine, andthenin1971,2800CS isreplacedby3.0CSand3.0CSi(the"i"in the namerepresentsafuelinjectionengine). 11.TheemergenceofMpower It is undeniable that the rapid rise of BMW in the 1960s and 1970s is also related to the thrivingeconomicsituationin EuropeanandAmerican countries.Theeconomicdevelopment also stimulatedtherevival ofmotorsports.Inordertoparticipatein it,BMWestablishedits ownhigh-performancemodificationdepartment BMWMotorsportin 1972,which isthe predecessor ofthenow-famousBMWM.

  20. BMWMotorsport’sfirstworkistheBMW Turbo(E25)conceptcarthatwasdedicatedtothe 1972MunichOlympics.It isamid-mounted rear-drivemodelbuiltbyBMWMotorsporton thebasisofthe2002chassis. Itusesapairofgull-wingdoors.Thewedge-shapedbodycan beregardedastheprototypeofthelaterclassicmodelM1.

  21. The 3.0 CSL based on the E9 platform is the first mass-produced racing car of BMW Motorsport.ThiscarwasunveiledinMay1972.The"CS"initsnamemeansthesameas thepreviousmodel,whichmeansacoupe,while"L"Itdoesnotmeanlengthening (German:lang)inothermodels,but representslight weight(German:leicht).Inorderto reduceweight,BMWengineers used thinnersteelplatesfor the3.0 CSL,thesound insulation materialsandbody trimwereremoved,andthedoors,enginecompartmentcover andtrunkcoverwerealso replacedwithaluminumalloymaterials.

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