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American Imperialism

American Imperialism. The Spanish American War and Defending the New Empire 1898-1914. Imperialism. Exerting influence or control on other nations. What are some examples of Imperialism? National Darwinism. Mahan’s Concept of Sea Power.

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American Imperialism

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  1. American Imperialism The Spanish American War and Defending the New Empire 1898-1914

  2. Imperialism • Exerting influence or control on other nations. • What are some examples of Imperialism? • National Darwinism.

  3. Mahan’s Concept of Sea Power . Geopolitical principles underlie national greatness: • Geographical position • Physical conformation • Extent of territory • # in population • Character of people • Character of government

  4. Mahan’s Concept of Sea Power 3. Colonies Valuable Locations 4. Potential of Isthmus Passage • Choke Point • Two Ocean Navy 5. Essence of Mahan: • Great Navy = Great Nation • Great Navy = Strong Fleet

  5. Causes of the Spanish-American War • Cuban revolution (1895-1898) - U.S. Economic interests threatened • Yellow journalism - Spanish atrocities and lack of humanitarianism • USS Maine- public outcry following loss of ship

  6. Remember the Maine Wreck of the U.S.S. Maine, June 21st, 1911 Photographed 13 years after her sinking in Havana Harbor

  7. Remember the Maine

  8. Yellow Journalism Josef Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst (New York World ) (New York Journal )

  9. Congress hurriedly appropriated $50 million Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt President McKinley: cease-fire? Got authority to use military force

  10. Rough Riders

  11. Battle for Cuba • Search for Cervera • Blockade of Santiago • Amphibious landing at Daiquiri • Destruction of Cervera’s fleet • Command controversy • Naval results • Spanish home fleet recalled • Control of Caribbean • Overwhelming technological superiority

  12. USS Olympialed the battle at Manila Bay

  13. "It's been a splendid little war," Only 460 soldiers killed in battle

  14. Emilio Aguinaldo

  15. Philippine American War Recap • In the United States public opinion was divided over the annexation of the Philippines. Many felt it was important to keep the Philippines so that America might "civilize" them. Others argued that imperialism was inconsistent with the American system of government and Americans' fundamental belief in self-government. • The United States negotiated the surrender of the Philippines for a payment of $20 million dollars to Spain. However, the Filipinos did not recognize any American right of possession and were prepared to fight for their freedom. It took three years for America to win the Philippine-American war. It cost the Americans 10,000 casualties and $600 million. 16,000 soldiers were killed, and about 200,000 civilians died of pestilence, disease, and accident.

  16. Few Americans, however, rejoiced at the victory This war seemed to contradict some basic American values Arthur Minkler, of the Kansas Regiment, wrote in a letter back home, "We take no prisoners. At least the Twentieth Kansas do not."

  17. "You seem to have about finished your work of civilizing the Filipinos. About 8,000 of them have been civilized and sent to Heaven. I hope you like it.”   -Andrew Carnegie, American industrialist and anti-imperialist, 1899 Filipino war dead (photo National Archives)

  18. Mark Twain Home, An Anti-Imperialist, New York Herald [New York, 10/15/1900] I left these shores, at Vancouver, a red-hot imperialist. I wanted the American eagle to go screaming into the Pacific. It seemed tiresome and tame for it to content itself with the Rockies. Why not spread its wings over the Philippines, I asked myself? And I thought it would be a real good thing to do. I said to myself, here are a people who have suffered for three centuries. We can make them as free as ourselves, give them a government and country of their own, put a miniature of the American constitution afloat in the Pacific, start a brand new republic to take its place among the free nations of the world. It seemed to me a great task to which we had addressed ourselves. But I have thought some more, since then, and I have read carefully the treaty of Paris, and I have seen that we do not intend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Philippines. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem. We have also pledged the power of this country to maintain and protect the abominable system established in the Philippines by the Friars. It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. And so I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land. Discussion questions: How have Twains views changed? Why do you think Twains views changed?

  19. Results of the War • U.S. Empire: more trouble than it’s worth? • U.S. Navy • Battleship entrenched as principle warship • Vindication of Mahan’s fleet tactics • Global empire yields bases and obligations • Renewed desire for Isthmian canal (USS Oregon)

  20. Territorial Expansion • 1867 Purchase of Alaska • 1867 Secured the rights to Midway Island • 1893 Overthrow Queen Liliuokalani in Hawaii • 1898 Spanish-American War • 1898 Annexation of Hawaii • 1899 Open Door Policy in China • 1904 construction of the Panama Canal began • 1904 issuing the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • 1910s Mexican Revolution

  21. Why? • Commercial /Business Interests • Military or Strategic Interests • Religious or Missionary Interests • Ideas of Social Darwinism • Closing of the American Frontier

  22. Hawaii • Descendants of New England Missionaries to Hawaii in the 1820s greatly influenced native monarchs and their policies. • Hawaii became a protectorate of the US in1849 by virtue of economic treaties • A successful revolt led by a white minority in 1893 resulted in the removal of the native monarch, Queen Liliuokalani . • Hawaii, annexed in 1898 by joint resolution of Congress, was used as a naval deposit during the Spanish American War.

  23. Queen Lydia Liliuokalani Sanford Ballard Dole

  24. Japan Abe Masahiro, head of the Roju (governing council) under Shogun Ieyoshi Toda Izu, governor of Uraga Alfred Thayer Mahan

  25. Japan • Captain Alfred T. Mahan, cautioned that the Pacific could “be entered and controlled only by a vigorous contest” • Japan had effectively closed its doors to outsiders, and it restricted foreign ships to a small part of Nagasaki • Admiral Matthew Perry steamed into Japan and demanded a treaty • The Japanese reluctantly agreed to trade with the U.S.

  26. Open Door Policy • China had a weak central government in 1900 • Japan and several European nations had carved China into spheres of influence • Secretary of State John Hay sent diplomatic dispatches to these nations, asking that they guarantee two things • Give all nations equal access to trade in China • the political takeover of China by any one foreign power

  27. Boxer Rebellion A "Boxer" in 1900 A Chinese nationalist rebellion was put down by the combined forces of Great Britain, Russia, France, Japan and the US, which furnished 2,500 troops John Hay

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