C H A P T E R

1. QUIT 5 C H A P T E R Shaping a New Nation CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE Experimenting with Confederation 1 SECTION MAP Drafting the Constitution 2 SECTION Ratifying the Constitution 3 SECTION VISUAL SUMMARY

2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVE HOME 5 C H A P T E R Shaping a New Nation To examine the domestic challenges faced by the young Republic; to understand American beliefs and principles reflected in the U.S. Constitution

3. HOME 5 C H A P T E R Shaping a New Nation I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y The year is 1787. You have recently helped your fellow patriots overthrow decades of oppressive British rule. However, it is easier to destroy an old system of government than to create a new one. In a world of kings and tyrants, your new republic struggles to find its place. How much power should the national government have? Examine the Issues • Which should have more power—the states or the national government? • How can the new nation avoid a return to tyranny? • How can the rights of all people be protected?

4. TIME LINE 1781The Articles of Confederation, which John Dickinson helped write five years earlier, go into effect. 1783The Treaty of Paris at the end of the Revolutionary War recognizes United States independence. 1781Joseph II allows religious toleration in Austria. 1783Russia annexes the Crimean Peninsula. Ludwig van Beethoven’s first works are published. 1785Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries cross the English Channel in a balloon. 1785New York state outlaws slavery. The Treaty of Hopewell concerning Native American lands is signed. HOME 5 C H A P T E R Shaping a New Nation The United States The World 1782Rama I founds a new dynasty in Siam, with Bangkok as the capital. 1784Russians found colony in Alaska. Spain closes the Mississippi River to American commerce. continued . . .

5. TIME LINE 1786Daniel Shays leads a rebellion of farmers in Massachusetts. The Annapolis Convention is held. The Virginia legislature guarantees religious freedom. 1787The Northwest Ordinance is passed. 1786Charles Cornwallis becomes governor-general of India. 1787Sierra Leone in Africa becomes a haven for freed American slaves. War breaks out between Turkey and Russia. 1788Austria declares war on Turkey. Bread riots erupt in France. 1788The Constitution, which James Madison helped write at the Pennsylvania State House, is ratified. HOME 5 C H A P T E R Shaping a New Nation The United States The World

6. 1 S E C T I O N Experimenting with Confederation HOME MAP KEY IDEA Americans adopted the Articles of Confederation but found the new government too weak to solve the nation’s problems. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

7. 1 S E C T I O N Experimenting with Confederation •confederation •Land Ordinance of 1785 •republic •republicanism •Northwest Ordinance of 1787 •Articles of Confederation HOME MAP OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The reaction to the weak Articles of Confederation led to a stronger central government that has continued to expand its power. Americans adopted the Articles of Confederation but found the new government too weak to solve the nation’s problems. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

8. 1 S E C T I O N Experimenting with Confederation ASSESSMENT Articles of Confederation National Government War and Defense: Financial Matters: Native Americans: HOME MAP 1. Describe the powers given to the national government by the Articles of Confederation. Power to declare war, make peace, and sign treaties Power to borrow money; set standards for coins and weights and measures; and power to establish a postal service Power to deal with Native American peoples continued . . .

9. 1 S E C T I O N Experimenting with Confederation ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 2. Why were the states afraid of centralized authority and a strong national government? ANSWER The states felt that centralized authority would diminish their own independence; they may have remembered the failure of the English Commonwealth under Cromwell. continued . . .

10. 1 S E C T I O N Experimenting with Confederation ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 3. What was the main problem with the system of representation by state (rather than by population) that was adopted by the Confederation? ANSWER States with small populations had the same voting power as states with large populations. continued . . .

11. 1 S E C T I O N Experimenting with Confederation ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 4. Do you think that the United States would have become a world power if the Articles of Confederation had remained the basis of government? Think About: •the power that the Articles gave the states •foreign affairs and the Confederation Congress •the Confederation Congress’s taxation powers ANSWER If the Articles of Confederation had remained the basis of government, the nation may not have become a world power because the states would have had more power than the national government. The Confederation Congress would have had very little power to deal with foreign governments, and it would not have been able to raise taxes. End of Section 1

12. 2 S E C T I O N Drafting the Constitution HOME KEY IDEA At the Philadelphia convention in 1787, delegates rejected the Articles of Confederation and created a new constitution. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

13. 2 S E C T I O N Drafting the Constitution •Shays’s Rebellion •legislative branch •executive branch •electoral college •federalism •judicial branch •James Madison •Roger Sherman •Three-Fifths Compromise •Great Compromise •checks and balances HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW At the Philadelphia convention in 1787, delegates rejected the Articles of Confederation and created a new constitution. The Constitution remains the basis of our government. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

14. 2 S E C T I O N Drafting the Constitution ASSESSMENT Issues Debated at the Constitutional Convention HOME 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List four issues that were debated at the Constitutional Convention. Fair representation Slavery Relationship between state and national governments Limiting the authority of the national government continued . . .

15. 2 S E C T I O N Drafting the Constitution ASSESSMENT HOME 2. In what ways did the new system of government fulfill the nation’s need for a stronger central government and at the same time allay its fear of a government having too much power? ANSWER The three branches of the national government—the executive, the legislative, and the judicial—were designed with a system of checks and balances so that no one branch could dominate the other two. continued . . .

16. 2 S E C T I O N Drafting the Constitution ASSESSMENT HOME 3. What was the Great Compromise and how did it reconcile the interests of the small states with the interests of the more populous states? ANSWER The Great Compromise offered a two-house Congress. Small states benefited from equal representation in the Senate, while big states benefited from population-based representation in the House of Representatives. continued . . .

17. 2 S E C T I O N Drafting the Constitution ASSESSMENT HOME 4. Do you agree or disagree with the creation of a system of checks and balances? Explain your answer. Think About: •the main task of each branch •how the branches function •the efficiency of governmental operations ANSWER Agree: Checks and balances keep the branches from becoming too powerful. Disagree: Checks and balances sometimes create dissent between branches, resulting in prolonged debates and the failure to make timely,well-supported decisions. End of Section 2

18. 3 S E C T I O N Ratifying the Constitution HOME KEY IDEA During the debate on the Constitution, the Federalists promised to add a bill of rights in order to get the Constitution ratified. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

19. 3 S E C T I O N Ratifying the Constitution •Antifederalists •The Federalist •ratification •Federalists •Bill of Rights HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW During the debate on the Constitution, the Federalists promised to add a bill of rights in order to get the Constitution ratified. The Bill of Rights continues to protect ordinary citizens. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

20. 3 S E C T I O N Ratifying the Constitution ASSESSMENT Public Figures Groups Federalists Antifederalists HOME 1. Look at the chart to help organize your thoughts. Explain which groups and public figures supported the Federalists and which supported the Antifederalists. George Washington James Madison People in urban centers, merchants, and skilled workers Patrick Henry Samuel Adams Richard Henry People in rural areas, large states, and states with strong economies continued . . .

21. 3 S E C T I O N Ratifying the Constitution ASSESSMENT HOME 2. Do you think the Federalists or the Antifederalists had the more valid arguments? Think About: •whom each group represented •Americans’ experience with the Articles of Confederation •Americans’ experience with British rule ANSWER Federalists: the strength of a government with central authority, the protections coming from the division of power, and the system of checks and balances Antifederalists: Centralized authority could lead to abuses of power; the country was too large to be managed by one government. continued . . .

22. 3 S E C T I O N Ratifying the Constitution ASSESSMENT HOME 3. Why did the Antifederalists demand the Bill of Rights? ANSWER Antifederalists argued that the new Constitution weakened the states, and lacked written guarantees of freedoms of speech, press, and religion. continued . . .

23. 3 S E C T I O N Ratifying the Constitution ASSESSMENT HOME 4. How might the course of American history have changed if the Bill of Rights had forbidden discrimination of all kinds and had protected the rights of minorities? ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSE: If the Bill of Rights had forbidden all discrimination, the 20th century struggles for civil rights may not have been necessary. End of Section 3