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Decolonization of Africa

Decolonization of Africa. Africa Produced Many Newly-Independent Nations in a Very Short Time. Other Struggles in Decolonization. Neo-colonialism – continued dependence on colonizer Racism Between natives & European settlers Diversity of ethnicities and linguistic groups

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Decolonization of Africa

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  1. Decolonization of Africa

  2. AfricaProduced Many Newly-Independent Nations in a Very Short Time

  3. Other Struggles in Decolonization • Neo-colonialism – continued dependence on colonizer • Racism • Between natives & European settlers • Diversity of ethnicities and linguistic groups • Divisions due to Berlin Conference, imperialism

  4. Achieving Independence • Pan-Africanism • Movement for African unity in the continent • Collective self-reliance is best way to overcome neo-colonialism • Kwame Nkrumah wrote: "It is clear we must find an African solution to our problems, and that this can only be found in African unity. Divided we are weak; united, Africa could become one of the greatest forces for good in the world."

  5. Ghana’’’’’’s“Peaceful Independence - 1957 • British colony • Rich in gold & diamonds • 1st sub-Saharan colony to achieve independence • Before independence • Socially, religiously, & regionally divided • After WWII, Britain passed Gold Coast Constitution – gave Ghanaians some political participation in legislature

  6. GHana • Ghanaian political parties formed • United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) spoke for independence • Kwame Nkrumah – formed Convention People’s Party (CPP) • “Self-government NOW” • non-violent leader of independence movement (boycotts, strikes) • CPP began winning majority of legislature • Became 1st prime minister of Ghana

  7. Ghana AFTER INDEPENDENCE • Nkrumah overthrown by coup in 1966 • Political instability for two decades • Recovered in 1990s • 2012 Failed States Index indicated that Ghana is ranked the 67th least failed state in the world and the 5th least failed state in Africa • Still lack sanitation, drinking water, access to quality education • Depends on where you are in Ghana • Border disputes with Cote D’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)

  8. Congo • Most exploited region • Belgian colony • Many natural resources (diamonds, copper, coffee, oil, cobalt, rubber) • In 1950s, Belgian control deteriorated • Joseph Kasavubu • Independence for Bakongo people • First president • Patrice Lumumba • More national and militant leader • First Prime Minister

  9. Congo • Riots against Belgian control • Round Table Conference in Belgium in 1960 – agreed for Congo to become independent • Congo not prepared • Army mutinied • Provinces (such as Katanga under MoiseTshombe) revolted • Influence of Cold War drama • Kasavubu had Lumumba captured – Lumumba killed by Katanga rebels • Military coup by Mobutu SeseSeko • Dictator, impoverished the nation (but he had plenty of $.....)

  10. Egypt • Independent from British control in 1922 • Gamal Abdel Nasser – army officer – assisted overthrow of King Farouk • Became Egypt’s leader • Battled with Israel, Britain, & France to keep Suez Canal under Egypt’s control • Nasser allied w/Soviet Union in building of Aswan High Dam • Anwar Sadat became new leader – anti-Soviet Union • Assassinated • Hosni Mubarak took power, kept diplomatic relationships with USSR & US

  11. Issues in Egypt • Ethnic, linguistic, and religious divisions • Mostly Sunni Muslim, but there are Christians and other religions present • Political instability • Arab Spring – ousting of Mubarak • Military junta as provisional gov’t • Oppression/turmoil under Muhammad Morsi – overthrow • Now led by Adly Mansour as acting president

  12. Algeria • French colony • Many French settled there (settler colony) • Independence was long, bitter civil war • Reformists in Algeria influenced by Arab-Islamic nationalism • Mid-1950s – Algerian revolution against French control • Led by National Liberation Front (NLF) • Guerrilla warfare, terrorism, torture, etc. • Charles De Gaulle became president of France – negotiated settlement with Algeria • Algeria granted independence in 1962

  13. Algeria • New leaders committed to centralized control • Made 4-year plan for development • Nationalized petroleum & natural gas • Industrialization of economy • However… • Wealth did not trickle down • Rivalries with nearby regions for dominance • Extremism, civil strife

  14. 1) What were similarities in the independence movements of these four colonies? • 2) What were differences among the independence movements of these four colonies? • 3) What made independence movements difficult in these colonies? • 4) What roles did Nkrumah and Lumumba have in their nation's independence? Were they more similar or different?

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