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Chapter 29: Civil Rights

Chapter 29: Civil Rights. The Segregation System. 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: “ separate but equal” Many states pass Jim Crow laws separating the races (public facilities). Challenging Segregation in the Courts (1950’s). NAACP challenges Jim Crow Laws

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Chapter 29: Civil Rights

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  1. Chapter 29: Civil Rights

  2. The Segregation System • 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: “separate but equal” • Many states pass Jim Crow laws separating the races (public facilities)

  3. Challenging Segregation in the Courts (1950’s) • NAACP challenges Jim Crow Laws • Focused on segregated public education • Places team of law students under Thurgood Marshall - wins 29 out of 32 cases argued before Supreme Court 1st African-American on Supreme Court

  4. Brown v. Board of Education • Marshall’s greatest victory is Brownv. Board of Education of Topeka • In 1954, the Supreme Court unanimously strikes down school segregation

  5. Reaction to the Brown Decision • Within 1 year, over 500 school districts desegregate • White Citizens Councils boycotts businesses that support desegregation --- KKK reappears • Court hands Brown II, orders the acceleration of desegregation • Eisenhower refuses to enforce compliance; considers it impossible

  6. Crisis in Little Rock • Gov. OrvalFaubus has National Guard turn away black students at Little Rock High School • Elizabeth Eckford faces abusive crowd when she tries to enter school • Eisenhower has National Guard paratroopers supervise school attendance

  7. Little Rock, Arkansas - 1957

  8. The Montgomery Bus Boycott • 1955 NAACP officer Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat on bus • Black citizens organize bus boycott and eventually win • 1956 – Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation

  9. Martin Luther King & The SCLC • King calls his brand of nonviolent resistance “soul force” - civil disobedience, massive demonstrations -Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) - Join Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

  10. SNCC and Sit-Ins - Influenced by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to use sit-ins (lunch counter) • First sit-in at Greensboro, NC Woolworth’s on TV (Feb. 1960) - Students were beaten, food thrown at them but refused to strike back • Late 1960, lunch counters desegregated in 48 cities in 11 states

  11. Freedom Riders • 1961, CORE tests Court decision banning interstate bus segregation • Freedom riders—blacks, whites sit, use station facilities together • Riders brutally beaten by Alabama mobs; one bus firebombed

  12. Arrival of Federal Marshalls • Alabama officials didn’t protect riders from mobs • Newspapers throughout nation denounce beatings • JFK sends 400 U.S. marshals to protect riders • Interstate Commerce Commission Act: - ban segregation in all interstate travel facilities

  13. Integrating Ole Miss University • 1962, federal court rules James Meredith may enroll at U of Mississippi • Governor Ross Barnett refuses to let Meredith register • JFK orders federal marshals to escort Meredith to registrar’s office • Federal officials accompany Meredith to classes, protect his parents

  14. Kennedy Takes a Stand • June 1963, JFK sends troops to force Gov. Wallace to desegregate University of Alabama • 3 Civil Rights Workers killed in Mississippi  “Mississippi Burning”

  15. Marching to Washington • August 1963, over 250,000 people converge on Washington • Speakers demand immediate passage of civil rights bill • King gives “I Have a Dream” speech

  16. Church Bombing • September 1963, 4 Birmingham girls killed when a bomb is thrown into church. • The person who threw the bomb was never caught.

  17. The Selma Campaign • 1965, Movement to register black voters in Selma, Alabama • King leads 600 protest marchers; TV shows police violently stop them • Second march, with federal protection, swells to 25,000 people

  18. Malcolm X • Member of the Nation of Islam, Black Muslims, advocate blacks separate from whites - believed whites were the source of black problems Malcolm X - controversial Muslim leader, speaker; gets much publicity

  19. Ballots or Bullets? • Pilgrimage to Mecca changes Malcolm X’s attitude toward whites (he becomes a Sunni Muslim) • Splits with Black Muslims; is killed in 1965 while giving speech

  20. Black Power • CORE, SNCC become more militant; SCLC pursues traditional tactics • Stokely Carmichael, head of SNCC, calls for Black Power: - African Americans control own lives, communities, without whites Tommy Smith & John Carlos

  21. Black Panthers • Black Panthers fight police brutality, want black self-sufficiency • Preach ideas of Mao Zedong; have violent confrontations with police • Provide social services in ghettos, win popular support

  22. Civil Rights Legislation Civil Rights Act of 1964 - prohibits discrimination because of race, religion, gender Voting Rights Act of 1965 - increases black vote in South Civil Rights Act of 1968 Prohibits discrimination in housing More black students finish high school, college; get better jobs Greater pride in racial identity leads to Black Studies programs

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