New Directions in Thought Science and Politics

1. New Directions in ThoughtScience and Politics Ch 14

2. New Directions Not One Direction

3. I. Scientific Revolution • Was not a rapid change in science • Made up mostly of a few key people • Many misconceptions • Reanalyzing old ideas and comparing to new observations • Predominantly occurred in Poland, Italy, Denmark, Bohemia, France and Great Britain • Evolved from use of reason to our modern scientific method • Hypothesis- Experiment- Conclusion- Analysis

5. I. Scientific Revolution • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) • Polish • On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres • Questioned Ptolemaic System • Geocentric vs. Heliocentric • Kept the epicycles (small circles in addition to orbit) • Did say that orbit around the sun took longer for planets that are farther away.

6. Ptolemaic System Copernican System

7. I. Scientific Revolution • Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • German Astronomer • The New Astronomy • Assistant to Tycho Brahe • Flawed concept but very detailed observations • Kept large amounts of records • Used Brahe’s data to prove a heliocentric model • Removed circular orbits and epicycles • Elliptical Orbits • Mathematically based • Lacked idea of gravity to explain orbits

8. I. Scientific Revolution • Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Italian Philosopher, Mathematician and Astronomer • Starry Messengers • Letters on Sunspots • Used the telescope to look at the sky rather than things on earth • Realized space was much more complex • Argued heliocentric was the only option • Named Jupiter’s moons after the Medicis (his patrons)

9. I. Scientific Revolution • Galileo (continued) • Pope Urban VIII • Asked Galileo to give arguments for and against the Heliocentric system • Not to favor heliocentrism • Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems • Condemned Galileo of heresy • Result of misinterpretations by Catholic Church • Resulted in being forced to renounce his teachings • Placed under house arrest until he died (9 years)

10. I. Scientific Revolution • Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) • England • Physicist, mathematician and astronomer • The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy • Inertia applies to objects at rest and in motion • Mutual attraction/ gravity • Solidified heliocentrism • Reflecting telescope • Theory of color/ prisms • Empirical date- Must observe something before trying to explain it

11. I. Scientific Revolution • Francis Bacon ((1561-1626) • English • Lawyer, royal official and author • Father of Empiricism- experimentation in Science • Attacked scholasticism- truth already discovered and just needed to be re-discovered. • Break from tradition and produce useful results from new knowledge • Advancement of Learning, NovumOrganum • Set the tone for learning

12. I. Scientific Revolution • René Descartes (1596-1650) • French • “I think, therefore I am” • The Discourse on Method • Rejected scholasticism • Prove through mathematical principles • Divided world into 2 categories • Thinking things • Things occupying space • Wanted science to focus on material

14. II. Political Theory • Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) • Heavily influenced by English Civil War (1642-1651) • Leviathan 1651 • Argued for a strong central government • Absolute Government • State of Nature- everyone is entitled to everything • Chaos • Man is evil and not socially inclined • Governments job is to take some rights/power from the people for their own protection • Persecution and corruption- It happens

16. II. Political Theory • John Locke (1632-1704) • English • Criticized Absolute Government • 1st and 2ndTreatise of Government • State of Nature- Freedom and Equality • Unregulated- Life, Liberty and Property • People are reasonable and exhibit goodwill • Competition and readiness with small conflict • Government’s job is to preserve everyone's rights and resolve conflict • Government rules by social contract/popular sovereignty • Government breaks contract- people overthrow government • Influenced American colonist

17. III. Culture • Age of Enlightenment • Started in 1700’s • Influenced by changes in political theory and scientific methods • Pushed to reform society and advance science • Brought about political revolutions • American and French

18. III. Culture • Women • Not openly involved in Scientific Revolution • More behind the scenes • Queen Christina of Sweden • Brought Descartes to Sweden to run education • Wrote books under the names of their husbands • Mostly women of noble birth • Margaret Cavendish • Privately tutored • Criticized London’s Royal society for failing to solve problems with Scientific advancement

19. III. Culture • Witch Hunts • Started for two possible reasons • Breaking of social norms by women • Most “witches” were single and usually over 40 (widowed) • Midwives blamed for death of mother or child • Church expanding control of locals • Women and men who practiced “magic”- usually herbalist • Said to make pacts with the devil and practice anti-Christian practices • Sabbats or black sabbaths

21. III.Culture • Midwives • Women who delivered babies • Some were trained by family members • Some were trained by medical staff • Were eventually replaced by more experienced medical staff • Women were not allowed to train to be a doctor

22. III. Culture • Baroque • Originated in Rome • Art of the 1600-1700s • Music is very stylized • Vivaldi/”The Four Seasons” • Art • Sharp contrast between light and dark • Gian Lorenzo Bernini • Architecture • Very ornate • Palace of Versailles Ecstasy of St. Theresa