Presentation Transcript

1. The Other America

   Andrew Wink
2. Key Terms •Urban renewal- solution to the housing problem in inner cities •Bracero- Mexican labor force that would move from farm to farm to harvest crops. •Termination policy- eliminated federal economic support, discontinued the reservation system, and distributed tribal lands among individual Native Americans.
3. Key Dates •1944- established National Congress of American Indians •1947- 200,000 braceros enter the United States •1948- Mexican-American veterans organize the American G.I Forum •1949- The national housing act is passed •1950- Massive migration to the suburbs •1955- the United States deports 2 million illegal aliens •1962- ¼ of Americans were living below the poverty line •1963- Termination Policy Abandoned
4. White Flight Millions of middle class Americans left the cities for the suburbs. Following that, 5 million African Americans moved into more urban areas. Urban poor suffered because the city governments could no longer afford to pay to improve or maintain schools, public transportation, and police and fire departments because all of the people who had made money for the cities had left for suburbs.
5. The Inner Cities/ Urban Renewal All of the wealthy had left for suburbs leaving only the poor and uneducated in the city. Most of the American people believed that poverty didn’t exist in America. Poor people left in cities were mostly minorities and they were forced to live crammed in houses. The National Housing Act was passed to develop new homes for the people living in the city. It failed because homes were razed and parking lots and shopping centers were build instead of new homes.
6. Mexican American Activism Braceros entered the country seeking work harvesting crops. Braceros were Mexicans who had been annexed into the Us with Texas and other states and some came illegally into the country. In 1954 the US launched Operation Wetback which was a federal program designed to get illegal Immigrants out of the country.
7. Longoria Incident Felix Longoria was denied a burial service in Texas because he was a Mexican even though he had fought in WWII. Mexican Americans organized the American G.I Forum in 1948. Protests arose and as a result California outlawed segregation in classrooms for Mexican students.
8. Termination Policy In 1953 the federal government gave up its responsibility of Native American Tribes. This forced the Native Americans to either survive on their own or integrate with society. This also allowed the states to sell reservation land that was within their state. The Bureau of Indian Affairs began a voluntary relocation program to help Native Americans to settle into cities. This failed mostly due to racial prejudices against the Native Americans. The Termination Policy was abandoned in 1963

9. 28.1 Kennedy and the cold war

   Wally Coffay
10. Terms John F. Kennedy- The 35th president of the United States who was elected by an incredibly small margin over Nixon in the heat of the Cuban Missile crisis. Kennedy led the country in one of the biggest scares in American history and kept the country in one piece. Flexible Response- The policy that believed that the nations conventional (non nuclear) forces had been neglected during the buildup of nuclear arms and needed to be strengthened again. This resulted in a large increase in defense spending.
11. Terms Fidel Castro- The communist Cuban dictator who welcomed aid from the Soviet Union in the Cold War. Castro’s violent beliefs were the root of the Cuban Missile Crisis and caused many American’s to live in fear of a nuclear bombing 90 miles away from Florida. Berlin Wall- The concrete and barbed wire barrier between East and West Berlin that the East German troops set up during the Cold War. The wall reduced the flow of East German refugees immensely and was a symbol of Communist oppression.
12. Terms Hot Line- The phone line between the White House and the Kremlin in the Cold War. This hookup enabled leaders of the two countries to communicate at once if another crisis was to arise. Limited Test Ban Treaty- The agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union that banned the testing of Nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. This gave both countries a reason to no longer live in fear of a possible nuclear bombing.
13. The Election of 1960 The election of 1960 was between Republican Richard Nixon and Democrat John F. Kennedy. Both candidates had similar positions on policy issues. The election of 1960 had the first televised debate in US history. Many people who watched the debate on T.V. believed that Kennedy won due to his stage presents and dashing looks. However, many who listened to the debate on the radio believed that Nixon was the winner due to his strong points regarding foreign policy. Kennedy won the election by less the 119,000 votes, which was the smallest margin since the election of 1888.
14. Crisis over Cuba Crisis over Cuba- When the communist Cuban dictator, Fidel Castro, sided with the Soviet Union and received Nuclear missiles from the Soviet Union due to the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis began. The threat of a Soviet bombing on the United States moved across the world from Europe to 90 miles of the coast of Florida. This change scared the United States and started the possibility of a global nuclear war. Castro felt that if the United States threatened Cuba in any way then the missiles should be launched. Khrushchev and Kennedy both agreed that the missiles would be a last resort and should be avoided. After 6 days of a possible nuclear war Khrushchev and Kennedy reached an agreement saying that the Soviet Union would remove the missiles if the United States promised not to invade Cuba. With this agreement came the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
15. The Continuing Cold War Kennedy was determined to eliminate Communism throughout the world. A very big concern of his was the city of Berlin, which was split between communism and non-communism. Many people fled the communist East Germany to go to the non-communist West Germany. Kennedy and Khrushchev fought over the link between the two sides of Germany, in which Khrushchev threatened to cut off all the links between the two sides completely. The construction of the Berlin Wall ended the Berlin crisis but further aggravated Cold War tensions. The creation of the Hot Line allowed the two countries to discuss any matters before a rash decision was made. Later in the year both countries agreed to the Limited Test Treaty Ban that gave both countries a better feeling regarding a nuclear war.

16. The New Frontier

    Jared Won
17. The Camelot Years President Kennedy set a new tone for the United States and its goals when he was Elected President. JFK’s social qualities and charm gave him widespread admiration from many people. “ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can d for your country” (JFK). These years were called the Camelot Years because Kennedy and his advisors reminded many of a modern day Camelot. The “Best and Brightest’” were Kennedy’s team of talented advisors: McGeorge Bundy, Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, and Rob Kennedy (brother).
18. The Promise of Progress JFK proposes his plan; The New Frontier. Kennedy lacked votes on Capitol Hill to pass legislation to take action with his plan. Deficit Spending promoted to help boost the economy. Kennedy lacked a mandate. International Aid is made a priority by Kennedy. Peace Corps and Alliance for Progress created. Helped Third world countries with aid, technology, and resources
19. The Promise of Progress cont. Soviets Launch Vostokinto space U.S. and Kennedy feel they needed to match the soviets. Increased advances in space programs. May 1961: Alan Shepard’s brief flight into space February 20, 1969: John Glenn orbits the earth 3 times. July 20, 1969: U.S astronaut is the first man to land on the moon. Caused an increase in education and funding for science programs and businesses. Michael Harrington’s book The Other America displays the poverty in the U.S. Kennedy calls for a national assault on the issue of poverty and orders the justice department to investigate racial injustices in the south.
20. Tragedy in Dallas November 22, 1963 JFK is assassinated in Dallas, Texas. His alleged killer is Lee Harvey Oswald. The day of Oswald’s trial, Jack Ruby kills him in a public crowd. Conspiracies arise. The Warren Commission investigates and they conclude Oswald is the sole killer alone. People still suspicious of conspiracies. Lyndon Johnson is sworn in on Air Force 1. Kept the country in tact and continued where JFK left off.
21. Key Terms and Names Lyndon B. Johnson Economic Opportunity Act Great Society Medicare and Medicaid Immigration Act of 1965 Warren Court Reapportionment Miranda Rights
22. Great Society Key Dates 1964- Economic Opportunity Act: created job Corps, VISTA, and Head Start Project 1964- Civil Rights Act: outlawed discrimination, increased federal power towards civil rights 1965- Medical Care Act: created Medicare and Medicaid programs 1965- Higher Education Act: funded scholarships and low-interest loans for college students 1966- Highway Safety Act: required states to set up highway safety programs 1967- Corporation for Public Broadcasting: funded educational Tv and radio broadcasting
23. LBJ’s Path to Power In 1937 LBJ won a special election to fill a vacant seat in the US house of Representatives Early in his Career President Roosevelt took LBJ under his wing He helped him secure key committee assignments in Congress and sheer much needed electrification and water projects in Texas In 1955, He rose to a position of Senate majority leader It was Johnson’s deft handling of Congress that the nation passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Also became JFK’s vice president
24. Key Terms and Names Lyndon B. Johnson Economic Opportunity Act Great Society Medicare and Medicaid Immigration Act of 1965 Warren Court Reapportionment Miranda Rights
25. Great Society Key Dates 1964- Economic Opportunity Act: created job Corps, VISTA, and Head Start Project 1964- Civil Rights Act: outlawed discrimination, increased federal power towards civil rights 1965- Medical Care Act: created Medicare and Medicaid programs 1965- Higher Education Act: funded scholarships and low-interest loans for college students 1966- Highway Safety Act: required states to set up highway safety programs 1967- Corporation for Public Broadcasting: funded educational Tv and radio broadcasting
26. LBJ’s Path to Power In 1937 LBJ won a special election to fill a vacant seat in the US house of Representatives Early in his Career President Roosevelt took LBJ under his wing He helped him secure key committee assignments in Congress and sheer much needed electrification and water projects in Texas In 1955, He rose to a position of Senate majority leader It was Johnson’s deft handling of Congress that the nation passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 Also became JFK’s vice president
27. LBJ Post Assassination Agenda Congress passes a 11 billion dollar tax reduction in 1964 War on Poverty Economic Opportunity Act- approved 1 billion dollars for youth programs, anti poverty measures, small buisness loans and job training
28. The 1964 Election Lyndon Johnson VS. Barry Goldwater LBJ helps the US through hard times after the assassination of JFK LBJ has success in Legislation Goldwater nominated in the conservative party He believed that the government had no business trying to right the social and economic wrongs In 1964 American public was more interested in LBJ’s liberal goals and was scared of Goldwater’s plans to use nuclear weapons LBJ won the election by a landslide
29. The Great Society The great society demands and end to poverty and radical injustice Through 1965 and 1966 The Johnson Administration introduced a flurry of Bills to congress Johnson considered education the key to the door of the great society Three key elements to his plan Medicare Education Immigration
30. Reforms of Warren Court Banned prayer in public schools Reapportionment- the way in which states redraw election districts based on the changing number of people in them Baker v. Carr- the first of several decisions that established the principal of one person one vote Miranda Rights- subjects have the right to remain silent, anything they say may be used against them, and they have the right to a lawyer
31. The Segregation System Plessy v. Ferguson Occurred in 1896 “Equal but Separate” Accommodations on locomotives were identical but there were segregated sections Supreme Court ruled that this law did not violate the 14th Amendments equal treatments for al citizens policy Segregation Continues Even though equality continued to surface, the unfair treatment of African Americans didn’t change Jim Crow laws were still acting in Southern states
32. Challenging Segregation in Court NAACP formed in 1909 to fight to end segregation NAACP strived for small victories in court to work toward desegregation Brown v. Board of Education (May 17, 1954) Headed by NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court ruled segregation as unconstitutional
33. The Montgomery Bus Boycott Put into motion by Rosa Parks (December 1, 1955) She refused to give up her seat for a white man She was later arrested The African American community followed in protest Peaceful protest lead by Martin Luther King Jr. Stopped using the busses to get to work, the store, etc. Ended in 1956 when the Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation
34. MLK and Nonviolent Protest MLK’s “Soul Force” Non-violent protest SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference Created by MLK in 1957 Non-violent protest group Purpose was “to carry on nonviolent crusades against evils of second-class citizenship” SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Many college students opposed racism and segregation Many students got hurt, lost scholarships, and got kicked out of their school for this protest
35. The Movement Spreads In 1942, the Congress for Racial Equality, or CORE, organized the first sit-ins February 1960, African American students formed a sit-in at a whites only lunch More and more gravitated to nonviolent protest to end such evils and social injustices Many groups formed
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39. Chapter 29.2

40. Key People • James Meredith – An air force vet that won a federal court case that allowed him to enroll into an all-white Ole Miss • Robert Moses – A former New York school teacher who quit to be apart the SNCC. He led the voter project in Mississippi. • Fannie Lou Hamer – The daughter of Mississippi sharecroppers, who won the honor of speaking for the MFDP at the convention.
41. Key groups • Freedom riders – A group of college students that traveled through the south on a bus trying to spread freedom. • Freedom Summer – An organization that was created by the SNCC, which trained college students how to protest civil rights in a non-violent way.
42. Key events • Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, National origin, and gender. • Voting Rights Act of 1965 – The act eliminated the literacy test that had disqualified so many voters. It also stated that federal examiners could enroll voters denied suffrage by local officials.
43. Significance The significance of this chapter is that it is the start of African Americans taking serious actions upon civil rights. This is also the section where the government finally eliminates discrimination and desegregates schools. This is a huge part of our history and a very victorious piece. This wasn’t the end of racism, but it was the beginning of a new era.

44. Chapter 29.3

    Andrew Sullivan
45. African Americans Seek Greater Equality. There were two types of segregation De facto was segregation by practice and custom De jure was segregation by law Blacks moving into cities caused a white flight Urban violence in cities increases Race riots are frequent in places like Harlem In 1967 riots and violent clashes took place in more than 100 cities MLK states that “The Great Society has been shot down on the battlefields of Vietnam”
46. New Leaders Voice Discontent Malcom X becomes a vocal activist Went to jail and studied the teachings of the Nation of Islam Became an incredible powerful and intense speaker In March 1964 Malcom split from the Nation of Islam In his trip to Mecca he radically changed his views and started the slogan “Ballots or Bullets.” Malcom realized the Nation of Islam would come to try to kill him eventually In early 1965 Malcom walked into Harlem’s Ballroom to give a speech and was shot by three men associated with the Nation of Islam
47. New leaders voice discontent A man named James Meredith started a march against fear in early June of 1966 After Meredith was shot, MLK and Stokely Carmichael continued the march Carmichael later was arrested and protestors flooded to the scene to protest the arrest Carmichael used the term Black Power to energize the protesters Huey Newton and Bobby Searle found the Black Panthers They were militant in nature and often fought violence with violence
48. 1968 – a turning point in civil rights MLK object to Black Power On April 4th 1968 MLK was shot standing outside his balcony by James Earl Ray That night RFK made a passionate speech for the end of racial violence Rage over MLKs death lead to the worst rioting in US history 125 cities exploded in tension, anger, and dissent In June, Robert Kennedy himself was assinated by a Jordan immigrant
49. Legacy of the civil rights movement March 2nd 1968 the Kerner Commission issued a 200,000 word report which called for the end of de facto segregation and make two separate societies for black and whites The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was passed which ended discrimination in housing 1970 an estimated two thirds of African Americans were registered to vote As the years went on, more and more African Americans began to see changes in housing, education, and societal norms that benefitted them.
50. Famous people Malcom X MLK RFK