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Experimental vs. Causal-Comparative Studies

Experimental vs. Causal-Comparative Studies. Topic 3. Experimental Study. Study where treatments are given to observe their effects Treatments – input or stimulus given by the researcher Not useful when a study would be physically, ethically, legally, or financially impossible. Demographics.

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Experimental vs. Causal-Comparative Studies

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  1. Experimental vs. Causal-Comparative Studies Topic 3

  2. Experimental Study • Study where treatments are given to observe their effects • Treatments – input or stimulus given by the researcher • Not useful when a study would be physically, ethically, legally, or financially impossible

  3. Demographics • Used to define groups in a study • People with similar background characteristics such as socioeconomic status

  4. Causal-Comparison Study • Non-experimental study • Also called ex post facto study • Characteristics of the study • Observe and describe a current condition • Look to the past to identify possible causes • No treatment given • More potential pitfalls – need to select comparison groups carefully

  5. Types of Nonexperimental Research Topic 4

  6. Nonexperimental Studies • Purpose is to observe/measure • Researcher does not try to change participants in any way • Causal-Comparative Research • Survey • Census • Case Study • Longitudinal Research • Correlational Research • Research Methods

  7. Causal-Comparative Research • Look to the past for causes of a current condition • Interested in the causality, but an experiment is not possible

  8. Survey • Also known as a poll • Describes the attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of a population • Uses a sample or portion of the population being studied • With a good sample, generalizations about the population may be drawn

  9. Census • Just like a survey, but all individuals in the population participate instead of using a sample

  10. Case Study • Usually only one participant • Often used in clinical psychology • Focus on thorough knowledge of an individual over a period of time • In-depth questioning occurs

  11. Longitudinal Research • A study over a long period of time to trace developmental trends

  12. Correlational Research • Researchers study the degree of a relationship of quantitative variables • Example: college admissions test and GPAs • “Did those with high admissions scores tend to earn high GPAs?”

  13. Research Methods • Quantitative • Qualitative • Historical

  14. Quantitative Research • Data is easy to quantify or put a number to • Allows for statistical analysis

  15. Qualitative Research • Data is gathered through open-ended interviews • Analyzed through major and minor themes in responses • Uses semi-structured interviews • Core list of questions • Deviating follow-up questions

  16. Historical Research • To understand the past • Use facts and dates to understand the dynamics of human history • Driven by theories and hypotheses • Hypotheses are evaluated using collected data • Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used • Will not be a focus of this text 

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