From Them to Us…

1. From Them to Us… Why evolution does not mean we came from MONKEYS…

2. Primates are an order of mammals which includes lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans Where do we separate? Primates

3. COMMON PRIMATE TRAITS • 5 DIGITS ON BOTH HANDS & FEET • NAILS INSTEAD OF CLAWS • FLEXIBLE HANDS WITH ABILITY TO GRIP • ERECT UPPER BODY • COLLARBONE • SMALL NOSE, NO ACUTE SENSE OF SMELL • USE OF VISION AS PRIMARY SENSE • LARGE & COMPLEX BRAIN • EFFICIENT FETAL NOURISHMENT • LONG PERIODS OF INFANT DEPENDENCY AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR • ADULT MALES ALWAYS PRESENT WITHIN GROUP (HELP IN CHILD REARING).

4. Trends in Primate Evolution • Larger body size • Increasing brain size or cranial capacity • More upright standing • Living in or near trees • A diet that includes plants and animals • Binocular vision that allows for depth perception

5. Trends in Primate Evolution continued… • Specialized color vision • A decreasing number of young produced al one time • Longer embryonic and childhood development • Specialized thumb • Increasing lifespan • Growing complexity of social behavior

6. Differences Between Man and Apes • Humans have the development of more specialized areas in the brain • Humans have a more vertical face plate • Humans have a smaller jaw and more evenly rounded arch • Humans have smaller canine teeth • Humans have smaller molars • Humans have longer lower limbs (legs) and shorter upper limbs (arms)

7. The biggy…Bipedalism • Bipedalism is erect posture and walking with two feet • Bipedalism was important in developing the ability to hunt and make tools

8. The World of our... ANCESTORS

9. Hominids • Hominids are a family of primates which includes all two-legged manlike species, extinct or living • Examples of hominids are erect walking apes, ourselves and our ancestors

10. Ardipithecus ramidus (Ar. Ramidus) • Ardi • 4.4 m.y.a. • Ethiopia • Bipedal Theory • Stubby Canines • Cooperative males?

11. The Australopithecines • Means “Southern Ape” • Australopithecus was an erect walking ape that was a member of the hominid family • There were at least 5 kinds of Australopithecines, but probably one was man’s ancestor • Australopithecines lived 5 to 1 million years ago

12. Australopithecus Anamensis 4.2-3.9 mya • Found: Tibia, pieces of skull, and mandible • Characteristics: • Probably walked upright. • Enamel on teeth suggests a diet of hard food but size is pretty primitive. • Probably lived in open woodland in area that is now northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia.

13. Australopithecus Afarensis 4-3 mya • Australopithecus Afarensis resembled a chimpanzee, but was upright and bipedal • They lived 4-2.7 million years ago • A.Afarensis probably did not make tools or understand fire

14. Australopithecus Afarensis 4-3 mya • Characteristics: • Foreword protruding face • U-Shaped Jaw (like an ape; human jaw’s are parabolic shaped) • Small Cranial Capacity (About the same size as modern chimps). • Debatable descendents…homo? robustus?

15. Lucy • Lucy was an Australopithecus Afarensis • Her skeleton was was discovered by Donald Johanson in Ethiopia in 1974 • She was the most complete pre-human skeleton ever found • Her bones gave many clues about her anatomy, diet and lifestyle

16. More Discoveries of A. Afarensis Fossils • AL 129 • Complete Knee Joint • 1976 • Donald Johanson • Hadar Region of Ethiopia • Significance • Shows angle of femur to place foot under center of body. • Confirms upright walking.

17. More Discoveries of A. Afarensis Fossils • Footprints at Laetoli • 3.6 mya • Footprints of two creatures formed in fresh lava ash. • 1975 • Mary Leakey • Laetoli, Tanzania • Significance • Height determined by length of stride 4’-4’8” • Confirmed Bipedality by this time • Big toe in line • Heel toe strike when walking

18. Location of Afarensis Finds

19. Australopithecus Africanus3.3-2.5 mya • “Southern Apeman of Africa” • First Australopithicine to be identified • Raymond Dart’s Taung Child (1925) • The species walked upright and probably used tools • It is unknown where it came from and who it led too.

20. Australopithecus Africanus Findings Taung Child

21. Australopithicus garhi 2.5 mya • May be a link between genus Australopithicus and Homo • May have been the earliest tool user • found scratches on Antelope bone fossils • Found in Ethiopia in 1997

22. Paranthropus boisei 2.3-1.2 mya • Highly specialized for heavy chewing. • Thrived in drier savannah climate. • Specialization may have been downfall as climate changed and it was unable to adapt.

23. Australopithecus Robustus • Australopithecus Robustus was probably another human “cousin” • The species was large and was probably a vegetarian • Robustus lived 2.2-1 million years ago • Robustus was possibly preyed on by early humans • Fossils of Robustus were first found in East and South Africa in the 1930s and 40s by the Leakey family

24. A. Robustus Finds

25. Timeline of Human Evolution

26. The Evolution of Humans

28. Louis Leakey and Olduvai Gorge • Dr. Louis Leakey and his wife, Mary , did their fieldwork at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania • Dr. Richard Leakey, their son , currently does fieldwork in the Lake Turkana region • Louis Leakey is credited with the discovery of Homo Habilis, the first human

29. Homo Habilis2.3-1.6 mya • “Handy Man” • Homo Habilis was the earliest known species of the genus homo • Probably made tools • Probably scavenged for meat and ate vegetation • Skull was 30% larger than Australopithecines • Brain much more human like in shape.

30. Homo Habilis • Some anthropologists believe that Homo Habilis hunted for prey • These tools are believed to be the tools of Homo Habilis

31. Homo Habilis Finds

32. Homo rudolfensis 2.3-1.6 mya & Homo ergaster 1.9-1.6 mya • Not much is known about Rudolfensis • Homo ergaster is the earlier African only form of Homo erectus. • Very rounded cranium, more spacious • Small teeth Homo rudolfensis Homo ergaster

33. Homo Erectus1.9-.3 mya • “Erect of Upright Man” • Homo Erectus was the first large brained human • Sometimes called “JavaMan” or “Peking Man”

34. Homo Erectus • Homo Erectus made tools and lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle • Diet included plants and animals

35. Homo Erectus • Homo Erectus was the first hominid to migrate from Africa • Homo Erectus remains have been found in Africa, Asia and Europe

36. HANDSOME FELLA! HOMO ERECTUS • HOMO ERECTUS WAS THE FIRST HOMINID TO BE DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE OLD WORLD, PERHAPS EVEN TO EUROPE, ITSELF. • 1 MILLION YEARS AGO HOMO ERECTUS LIVED IN ASIA • 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO IN JAVA • PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS • SKULL WAS LONG, LOW, AND THICK WALLED WITH FLAT FRONTAL AREA AND PROMINENT BROW RIDGES • NOSE PROJECTED AND FROM THE NECK DOWN, INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM HOMO SAPIENS • HEIGHT AND WEIGHT RESEMBLED THAT OF MODERN HUMANS

37. Homo Heidelbergensis 700-100,000 years ago • The between species. • Features of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. • Very robust mandible, no chin • Very prominent brow ridge • Increased cranial capacity. • Smaller teeth but bigger than Homo sapiens.

38. Neanderthal Man 250-30,000 years ago • Homo Neanderthalensis • This species was human , but was probably not an ancestor to modern humans

39. Neanderthal Man • Neanderthal man had large arms and legs • His brain was actually larger than modern humans, but the language and speech center of the brain was not well developed • Neantherthal man was a hunter who made tools, had primitive language skills and used fire

40. Neanderthal Man • Fossilized remains of Neanderthal Man were first found in the Neander Valley of Germany in 1857 • Neanderthal man is sometimes referred to as a cave man

42. Homo Sapiens 130,000 years ago-Present • “Thinking Man” • Lighter build in skeleton • Enormous brain capacity • 1300 cc from 400 cc of early Australopithicine. • Early discoveries called Cro-Magnon Man.