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Chapter 18: Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Section 1: Structure of the Atom

Chapter 18: Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Section 1: Structure of the Atom. http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0zION8xjbM. http://61.19.145.8/student/m5year2006-2/502/group11/periodic_table.gif. Atoms and Elements

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Chapter 18: Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Section 1: Structure of the Atom

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  1. Chapter 18: Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table Section 1: Structure of the Atom http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0zION8xjbM http://61.19.145.8/student/m5year2006-2/502/group11/periodic_table.gif

  2. Atoms and Elements • Elements are abbreviated in scientific shorthand – first letter or two of element’s name • Atom – smallest piece of matter that still has the properties of the element • Protons have an electrical charge of 1+. • Neutrons do not have an electrical charge. • Electrons have an electrical charge of 1- • Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom; electrons surround the nucleus

  3. Model of the Atom http://www.csmate.colostate.edu/cltw/cohortpages/viney_off/atom.jpg

  4. Quarks Protons and neutrons make up most of the mass in matter They are made up of smaller particles called quarks. Quarks are studied by colliding accelerated charged particles with protons, which leave tracks in a bubble chamber. Six quarks are known to exist, but protons and neutrons are composed of up and down quarks

  5. Meet the Quarks Up, Down, Top, Bottom, Strange, and Charm http://www.jlab.org/~hleiqawi/6quarks.jpg

  6. Models: Tools for Scientists Scientists use scaled-up models to represent atoms. Atoms are so tiny, not even the most powerful microscope can see them--that means we have NEVER seen an atom! Current electron cloud model shows electrons traveling in specific energy levels around a nucleus of protons and neutrons. So how do we know this? Models have evolved over thousands of years using scientific evidence.

  7. Electron Cloud Model of the Atom http://www.csmate.colostate.edu/cltw/cohortpages/viney_off/atom.jpg

  8. Models of Atoms: A History 1. Democritus’s Uncuttable Atom • Ancient Greek philosopher (400 B.C.) • Proposed elements are composed of tiny solid particles that could not be further divided http://web.mit.edu/philos/www/mm/democritus.jpg

  9. Models of Atoms: A History 1. Democritus’s Uncuttable Atom • Particles were called “atomos,” meaning “uncuttable” http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/hsc/hsc/pics/1.gif

  10. Models of Atoms: A History • John Dalton’s Billiard Ball • English Physicist (1800) • Proposed elements are composed of tiny solid spheres http://chemreview.pbwiki.com/f/image.jpg http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~ch111/images/democritus.gif

  11. Models of Atoms: A History 3. J.J. Thomson’s Cookie Dough • English Physicist (1904) • Negatively charged particles are evenly distributed within a positively charged solid sphere http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg

  12. Models of Atoms: A History 3. J.J. Thomson’s Cookie Dough The + matter is the dough; the – matter are the chocolate chips

  13. Models of Atoms: A History 4. Ernest Rutherford’s Massive Nucleus • English Physicist (1911) • Most of the mass of the atom is in the positive nucleus; electrons surround nucleus; empty space in between http://www.wpclipart.com/famous/science/Ernest_Rutherford.png

  14. Models of Atoms: A History 4. Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

  15. Models of Atoms: A History 5. Niels Bohr’s Fixed Orbits • Danish Physicist (1913) • Electrons travel in fixed orbits, or certain paths, around the nucleus http://astro.schoolnet.ir/astro%20persian%20ver/images/Niels_Bohr.jpg

  16. Models of Atoms: A History 5. Niels Bohr’s Fixed Orbits • Electrons have energy levels • Electrons with more energy are farther from the nucleus http://www.splung.com/nuclear/images/atoms10.gif

  17. Models of Atoms: A History 6. Electron Cloud Model (1920) • Electrons do not travel in fixed orbits • Electrons are randomly found in an area around the nucleus • Currently accepted model http://universe-review.ca/I15-53-quantum.jpg

  18. Models of Atoms: A History 7. James Chadwick’s Neutrons • English Physicist (1932) • Presence of neutral neutrons in the nucleus, in addition to the protons http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200705/images/chadwick_web.jpg

  19. Review Questions, p. 549 1-4 Answer these questions: Write the chemical symbols for the elements carbon, aluminum, hydrogen, oxygen, and sodium. What are the names, charges, and locations of 3 kinds of particles that make up an atom? What is the smallest particle of matter? How were they discovered? Describe the electron cloud model of the atom.

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