Robert Hanisch US National Virtual Observatory Space Telescope Science Institute

1. THE US NATIONAL VIRTUAL OBSERVATORY The Virtual Observatory: Core Capabilities and Support for Statistical Analyses in Astronomy Robert Hanisch US National Virtual Observatory Space Telescope Science Institute

2. Overview The objective of the Virtual Observatory is to enable new science by greatly enhancing access to data and computing resources. The VO is intended to make it easy to locate, retrieve, and analyze data from archives and catalogs worldwide. • Motivation; who’s involved; technical challenges and approach; capabilities • Statistics in the VO • Future

3. Astronomy is facing a data avalanche 1 microSky (DPOSS) Multi-Terabyte (soon: multi-Petabyte) sky surveys and archives over a broad range of wavelengths Billions of sources, hundreds of attributes per source 1 nanoSky (HDF-S)

4. The changing face of observational astronomy • Large digital sky surveys are becoming dominant source of data in astronomy: > 100 TB, growing rapidly • SDSS, 2MASS, DPOSS, GSC, FIRST, NVSS, RASS, IRAS, QUEST, GALEX, SST; CMBR experiments; Microlensing experiments; NEAT, LONEOS, and other searches for Solar system objects • Digital libraries: ADS, astro-ph, NED, CDS, NSSDC • Observatory archives: HST, CXO, space and ground-based • Future: PanSTARRS, LSST, and other synoptic surveys; astrometric missions, GW detectors • Data sets orders of magnitude larger, more complex, more homogeneous than in the past • Roughly 1 TB/Sky/band/epoch • Human Genome is < 1 GB, Library of Congress ~ 20 TB

5. Threads of the the VO Fabric Multiwavelength astrophysics NGC3104 Archival Research Moore’s Law Digital detectors The Internet Data Standards Survey astronomy Temporal astronomy

6. US NVO development project, funded by NSF Information Technology Program and managed by NSF Astronomy Division, is in final year of 5-year project Funding is $10M+ over the 5 years 17 organizations (astro, CS, IT) involved JHU (PI Alex Szalay), STScI, Caltech (Astronomy, IPAC, CACR), HEASARC, SAO, NRAO, NOAO, NCSA, SDSC, FNAL, USNO, et al. Collaboration with Gemini, LSST, et al. Who is the National Virtual Observatory?

7. International collaboration • NVO is co-founder of the International Virtual Observatory Alliance • IVOA now has 16 member projects • Adopted a standards process based on W3C • Forum for discussion and sharing of experience http://ivoa.net

8. Interoperability VizieR: Contains more than 4000 astronomical catalogues consisting of one or several tables. Problem: as the catalogues come from many different sources, the original descriptions are very heterogeneous: “Give me all tables containing the V magnitude in the Johnson system.” 144 different names for Johnson V !

9. Interoperability challenges • Metadata standards • Data discovery • Data requests • Data delivery • Units • Database queries • Distributed applications; web services • Authentication and authorization

10. Portals, User Interfaces, Tools NVO Resource Discovery Registries NVO Data Access Layer HTTP, Web, & Grid Services Data Models, UCDs, Metadata Computational Services VOTable Queries ConeSearch SIAP, SSAP ADQL, OSQ Responses FITS, GIF,… Virtual Data Catalogs, Archives, Collections, Models Architecture

11. NVO Components • Data discovery and location • Resource Registry: Organizations, archives, tables, databases, services • Footprint Services • Data access • Simple tables and observation logs: Cone Search • Images: Simple Image Access Protocol (SIAP) • Spectra: Simple Spectrum Access Protocol (SSAP) VOTables and FITS used to exchange data throughout the VO • Databases: SkyNode, with Astronomical Data Query Language (ADQL) • Transient events: VOEvent protocol • Data models, Space-Time Coordinates (STC)

12. NVO Components • Distributed data storage • VOStore, VOSpace • Authentication and authorization • Distributed computing • Web services • Grid services • Scalability

13. NVO Applications • Registry Interface • DataScope • Coverage Maps • Open SkyQuery • WESIX (SExtractor) • WCS Fixer • Spectrum Services • VOEvent Net • Montage mosaics • Integration with legacy software systems

14. NVO Registry Portal Find source catalogs, image archives, and other astronomical resources registered with the NVO A Registry is a distributed database of Virtual Observatory resources: primarily access services for catalog, image, and spectral data, but also descriptions of organizations and data collections. There are several coordinated registry implementations that share information by harvesting each other's resources. This registry is at STScI in Baltimore, MD. Searches for resources can be done by keyword, or advanced queries can be expressed in the SQL language. The registry is open for humans through web forms, or machines through SOAP web services.

15. DataScope Discover and explore data in the Virtual Observatory Using the NVO DataScope scientists can discover and explore hundreds of data resources available in the Virtual Observatory. DataScope uses the VO registry and VO access protocols to link to archives and catalogs around the world. Users can immediately discover what is known about a given region of the sky: they can view survey images from the radio through the X-ray, explore archived observations from multiple archives, find recent articles describing analysis of data in the region, find known interesting or peculiar objects and survey datasets that cover the region. A summary page provides a quick précis of all of the available data. Users can download images and tables for further analysis on their local machines, or they can go directly to a growing set of VO enabled analysis tools, including Aladin, OASIS, VOPlot and VOStat.

16. Open SkyQuery Cross-match your data with numerous catalogs OpenSkyQuery allows you to cross-match astronomical catalogs and select subsets of catalogs with a general and powerful query language. You can also import a personal catalog of objects and cross-match it against selected databases.

17. Spectrum Services Search, plot, and retrieve SDSS, 2dF, and other spectra The Spectrum Services web site is dedicated to spectrum related VO services. On this site you will find tools and tutorials on how to access close to 500,000 spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS DR1) and the 2 degree Field redshift survey (2dFGRS). The services are open to everyone to publish their own spectra in the same framework. Reading the tutorials on XML Web Services, you can learn how to integrate the 45 GB spectrum and passband database with your programs with few lines of code.

18. Web Enabled Source Identification with Cross-Matching (WESIX) Upload images to SExtractor and cross-correlate the objects found with selected survey catalogs. This NVO service does source extraction and cross-matching for any astrometric FITS image. The user uploads a FITS image, and the remote service runs the SExtractor software for source extraction. The resulting catalog can be cross-matched with any of several major surveys, and the results returned as a VOTable. The web page also allows use of Aladin or VOPlot to visualize results.

19. Coverage Maps View catalog coverage maps and source inventories for a position or object of interest. The NVO Sky Statistics Service generates source counts, coverage maps, and links to downloadable data for catalog holdings available through the NVO protocols, including IRSA, NED and CDS VizieR

20. WCS Fixer Repair image coordinates in images with inaccurate or misaligned coordinate systems.

21. VOEvent Net Explore the multiwavelength sky in the vicinity of transient events.

22. Montage Mosaics Make mosaics from 2MASS, DPOSS, or SDSS images.

23. VO Tools • VOTable display and analysis • VOPlot, TOPCAT, Mirage • Image display and analysis • Aladin, OASIS • Other standard display tools for downloaded data • Spectrum display and analysis • VOSpec, SpecView

24. Statistics and the VO…

25. From single objects… • Observations of small, carefully selected samples (often with a priori prejudices) of objects in one or a few wavelength bands

26. …to large-scale statistical studies • Multi-wavelength data for millions of objects, allowing us to: • Discover significant patterns from the analysis of statistically rich and unbiased image/catalog databases • Understand complex astrophysical systems via confrontation between data and sophisticated numerical simulation

27. VO-aware statistics tools: VOPlot

28. VO-aware statistics tools: VOPlot

29. VO-aware statistics tools: VOPlot

30. VO-aware statistics tools: TOPCAT

31. VO-aware statistics tools: TOPCAT

32. VO-aware statistics tools: TOPCAT

33. VO-aware statistics tools: TOPCAT

36. Box plots Pairwise plots K-means

37. Statistics in the VO • What more is needed? • Scalability: Extend analysis to 10^9 measurements or more • Operate on data where it resides • VOSpace • Probabilistic cross-matching

38. Statistics in the VO • Image stacking • White et al. (2006) detect radio counterparts to SDSS QSOs at level 30X below rms noise via median stacking of 41,000 FIRST images

39. Next steps • NVO Facility • Joint NASA/NSF program, operations to begin in 2007 • Partnership between NASA data centers, major ground-based observatories, university research groups. Need to define the requirements for VO-enabled statistical analysis. • VO concept is being adopted broadly • AGU special session on VOs • NASA solicitation for Virtual Observatories for Solar and Space Physics Data (VxOs); AISRP support for VO technology

40. http://us-vo.org/