Motivation and Emotion

1. Motivation and Emotion

3. Motivation • Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. • But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.

4. Drive Reduction Theory • Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS. • Wants to maintain homeostasis. • When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive. • Primary versus Secondary drives

5. Arousal Theory • We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal. • Yerkes-Dodson Law

6. Yerkes-Dodson Law • The Yerkes-Dodson Law says we perform best under the optimal amount of arousal. (Like Goldilocks) • Not too much, not too little.

7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal. • We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.

8. Motivation of HUNGER

9. Biological Basis of Hunger • Hunger does NOT come from our stomach. It comes from our… • Brain What part of the brain? • The Hypothalamus

10. Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus Ventromedial Hypothalamus When stimulated you feel full. When lesioned you will never feel full again. • When stimulated it makes you hungry. • When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again. I’m late for lunch. I’m hungry. The lateral hypothalamus makes you hungry.

11. Set Point Theory • The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat. • Wants to maintain a stable weight. • Activate the lateral when you diet and activate the ventromedial when you start to gain weight. • Leptin theory

12. Body Chemistry • Glucose • The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat. • When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

13. Psychological Aspects of Hunger • Internals versus Externals • The Garcia Effect

14. Culture and Hunger

15. Dog Mice Wine Fried Frog Legs Criadillas- bull testicles.

16. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa • Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food).

17. Anorexia Nervosa • Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight. • See themselves as fat. • Vast majority are women.

18. Obesity • Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues. • Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards obesity. Click on the pictures to see some case studies on obesity.

19. Sexual Motivation • Sex is natural. • Without sex, none of us would be here. • How do scientists (or you) find out about sex? YOU ASK!!!!!!

20. Kinsey’s Studies • Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s). • Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female • Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual. Click on Kinsey to see the movie trailer.

21. Masters and Johnson Study • In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex. • 382 females and 312 males. After their research was done they ran an institute that claimed to turn gay people straight.

22. Mapped out the Sexual Response Cycle • Initial Excitement • Plateau Phase • Orgasm • Resolution Phase (with refractory period).

23. Psychological Factors in Sexual Motivation • Only some people are externals when it comes to hunger- but we are all externals when it comes to sex. • Heiman 4 tape study. • People can find sexually explicit images either pleasing or disturbing- but they are none the less biologically arousing.

24. We have discussed the energizing of sexual motivation but have yet to discuss its direction: Sexual Orientation An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender or the other gender.

25. How is Sexual Orientation Determined • There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined. • Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay that if they were raised by hetero parents. • This it is likely biologically determined.

26. The Brain • Simon LeVay discovered that there is a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men.

27. Prenatal Environment • Current research seems to point to the hormonal levels in the prenatal environment. • We have created homosexual male fruit flies and lesbian sheep!!!

28. Achievement MotivationWhat motivates us to work?(School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..) Intrinsic Motivators Extrinsic Motivators Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..) Work great in the short run. • Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction.

29. Achievement motivation Where would one stand to practice if they had high achievement motivation? • Those with high achievement motivation will choose tasks that are moderately difficult. Not too hard because they want to achieve. Not too easy because they want to feel good about themselves.

30. Overjustification effect Studies show that if you externally reward someone (excessively) for something they love doing, they will lose their intrinsic desire for doing it. • Alex Rodriguez earns 27.5 million dollars per year. Does he love the game??

31. Management TheoryManagement/Teaching styles relate closely to Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivators. Theory X Theory Y Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive. Interested in Maslow’s higher needs. • Managers believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment. • Think employees are Extrinsically Motivated. • Only interested in Maslow’s lower needs.

32. When Motives Conflict • Approach-approach conflict – when we have 2 desirable things to choose from. Both Beyonce and Tyra Banks want to date you.

33. Approach –avoidance conflict • Both options have their benefits and drawbacks. Example, telling your wife that her hair looks bad. The good is she’ll fix it. The bad is she might be mad at you for a few hours.

34. Avoidance-avoidance conflict • You must choose between 2 equally unattractive options.

35. Four theories of emotion

36. James-Lange Theory of Emotion • Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion. • Based on our autonomic nervous system • The body changes and our mind interprets those changes as emotion. • “I’m afraid because I run”

37. Male participants were asked to meet an interviewer in the middle of one of two bridges. One was a safe-looking bridge and one looked more dangerous. An attractive female researcher interviewed the male passers-by in the middle of the two bridges. She gave them her telephone number in case they wanted to ask about the results. Men on the less safe-looking bridge were more aroused by the height of the bridge, and were likely to confuse their feelings for being 'lovestruck'. They were then more likely to call her back, looking for a date. • Support for James Lange????

38. Giving the Finger, the Psychology and History Thereof By William Weir on February 13, 2009 • For the study, 54 right-handed subjects read a story about a person whose behavior could be interpreted as either assertive or hostile. One group extended their forefinger while reading, another group extended their middle finger. The latter group tended to assert that person in the essay was hostile, rather than assertive. • Support for the James Lange theory??

39. Facial feedback hypothesis

40. The Effects of Facial Expression If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures. Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/ The New York Times Pictures Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.

41. Maybe Ned was right. Sometimes we should force ourselves to smile.

42. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion • Say James-Lange theory is full of crap. • The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously. • They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

43. Think – 2 cannons firing at the same time. Physiologicalchange (heart rate, breathing) Cognitive awareness

44. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion • Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely that the other two theories. • They happen at the same time but… • Emotion is processed in the autonomic nervous system AND the cerebral cortex (conscious thought) • Includes cognitive appraisal

45. If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reaction would include heart racing and screaming. But if your cognitive appraisal says you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emotion of “fun”

46. Everyone say it loud Schacter – Two Factor

47. Opponent Process Theory of Emotion • Have you ever felt crappy for a few days, then felt elated? This theory says feeling one way will lead you to feel the opposite. • How is this similar to the opponent process theory of color vision?

48. Stress • There are 2 stress hormones you need to know. • Cortisol and adrenaline • Cortisol does lead to weight gain.

49. Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome • Describes our response to a stressful event. • Three stages • Alarm • Resistance • Exhaustion

50. Emotional Expression When culturally diverse people were shown six basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Paul Ekman 1989). Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion