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Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Miss Raia

La Belle Epoque [1871-1914]: “The Beautiful Era”. Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Miss Raia. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch. Materialism Higher standard of living Increased consumption Sports attracted increased spectators and participants

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Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Miss Raia

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  1. La Belle Epoque[1871-1914]:“The Beautiful Era” Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Miss Raia

  2. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • Materialism • Higher standard of living • Increased consumption • Sports attracted increased spectators and participants • Increased numbers of women took part in bicycling and sports clubs • Started dressing in more comfortable clothing • Cafes and Taverns • Department stores • Dance Halls and concert halls

  3. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • Increased European Population • Growth of Cities & Urban Life • Migration from Europe • 1850-1940  60 million left Europe • Went to  US, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Australia/N. Zeal. • “Second” Industrial Revolution • Steam  electricity (Edison) • Internal combustion & diesel engines, Dynamo • Cars, planes, submarines • Bell & Morse

  4. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • Rise of Big Business • Corporations  limited liability of investments. • Cartels, Monopolies, Stocks • Mass production. • Free Trade [esp. in England] • World Markets [Global Economy, Part II] • Advance of Democracy • Extension of the vote to the working class. (Britain 1867)

  5. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • The Appeal of Socialism • By the 1880s, most socialist parties were Marxist [esp. Ger. & Fr.] • Not very successful in England. • Faith in Science Alone • Science at the core of industrialization. • Nobel - dyanamite • Charles Darwin • Origin of Species [1859] • “survival of the fittest”

  6. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • Faith in Science Alone [con’t.] • “Social Darwinism”  Herbert Spenser • Pasteur – germ theory, rabies vaccine • Koch – TB • Lister - antiseptics • Newtonian Science turned on its head • Einstein  “Theory of Relativity”  nature & energy were separate & distinct. • Max Planck  Quantum Physics

  7. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • Faith in Science Alone [con’t.] • Professionalization of “new” sciences [anthropology, archeaology,etc.] • Psychology • Ivan Pavlov  conditioned responses • Sigmund Freud  psychoanalysis • The Interpretation of Dreams [1900] • The role of the unconscious [the id, ego, super ego].

  8. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • Anti-Semitism • Dreyfus Affair • Theodore Herzl  Der Judenstaat [The Jewish State], 1896 • “Father of Modern Zionism” • Women • Cult of Domesticity • Suffrage Movement • Emmeline Pankhurst (BR) • The “New” Imperialism • Militarism  glorification of war

  9. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • 17. Education • State’s role in education increased leading to further secularization of society • By 1900 in England all children 5 to 12 were required to attend primary school • Education was free • French Ferry Laws required children ages 3-13 to attend primary schools • Effects? – significant increase in literacy • Girls had less access to secondary education than boys but schools for girls increased

  10. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • 18. New Cities • Edwin Chadwick’s sanitary idea • Haussmann urban renewal in Paris • Paved streets, gas or electric lamps, parks, department stores, theatres, electric street cars • Bessemer – Steel - skyscrapers

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