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Working women: How things have changed Dr Rose Ryan

Working women: How things have changed Dr Rose Ryan . The 1950’s. Life in 1951: Quick Facts About Women. 23% of university students 8% of married women in paid work 25% of women in the labour force 3 elected members of Parliament Our most common occupation was clerical work.

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Working women: How things have changed Dr Rose Ryan

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  1. Working women:How things have changedDr Rose Ryan

  2. The 1950’s

  3. Life in 1951: Quick Facts About Women • 23% of university students • 8% of married women in paid work • 25% of women in the labour force • 3 elected members of Parliament • Our most common occupation was clerical work Waterfront dispute union protest, Wellington 1951

  4. The 1970’s…

  5. Life in 1971: Quick Facts About Women • 33% of tertiary education students • 26% of married women in the full time labour force • 39% of women overall in the labour force • 4 elected members of Parliament • Our most common occupation was clerical work • Women earned 69% of men’s average OT hourly earnings Air hostesses model new NEC uniforms in the 1970s

  6. …and now

  7. New Zealand Now: Quick Facts • 55% of tertiary education students • 61% of women in the labour force • 40 woman members of Parliament • Our most common occupation is service and sales work.

  8. …but some things never change!

  9. What has changed for New Zealand Women?

  10. Our population is increasingly diverse Source:Statistics New Zealand

  11. Our lives and our households are changing New Zealand women: • have less children and have them later in life • are older • are healthier than we have ever been • are increasingly the head of one parent household • are more educated • spend more of our working lives in the labour force than in the past

  12. We have increasing rates of participation in higher education

  13. Our labour force participation rate has grown

  14. The gender pay gap:Average income 1 year post study

  15. Average income 5 years post study

  16. Trends in numbers employed in male dominated industries

  17. Trends in numbers employed in female dominated industries

  18. 10 most common occupations for women in 1891 and 2001 1891 • Domestic servant • Nurse • School teacher • Shop Assistant • Washer woman • Hotel/restaurant servant • Dress maker • Sewing machinist / tailor • Farmer 2001 • Caregiver • Registered nurse • Primary school teacher • Sales assistant • Cleaner • Retail manager • Secretary • Accounts clerk • General clerk

  19. Usual hours worked per week

  20. Type of employment in main job (%)

  21. We have less annual leave than men

  22. Our labour force engagement is affected by having children

  23. Unpaid workAverage minutes per day spent on primary activities (Source: Ministry of Women’s Affairs Time Use Survey 1999)

  24. The changing policy environment • Equal Pay Act • Maternity leave introduced • Sexual harassment prohibited • Human Rights Act • Paid parental leave • Health and Safety in Employment Act • Employment Relations Act • Four weeks annual leave • Minimum wage rises • Flexible working hours legislation

  25. Looking into the future(Weekend Magazine (1961) - a prediction of working life in the year 2000) “At work, Dad will operate on a 24 hour week. The office will be air-conditioned with stimulating scents and extra oxygen - to give a physical and psychological lift.”

  26. Emerging issues • A growing resource divide? • Changing attitudes to work? • The global consequences of climate change on the labour market? • The interface between personal health and work? • Changing nature of households • Kiwis returning home? • Market economy vs a market society?

  27. Thank you Dr Rose Ryan roser@athenaresearch.co.nz

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