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Understanding 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives and Their Usage in Greek Grammar

This lesson focuses on the 1st and 2nd declension adjectives in Greek, particularly those ending in 'e', 'i', or 'r'. You will learn to identify and classify these adjectives, including the h-type adjective "mo,noj" and the a-type adjectives such as "di,kaioj". Additionally, we cover "two-termination" adjectives that only have two sets of endings for masculine/feminine and neuter contexts. The lesson also addresses how adjectives function in sentences—attributively, predicatively, and substantively—and the use of prepositional phrases as adjectives, enhancing your understanding of context and grammatical structure.

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Understanding 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives and Their Usage in Greek Grammar

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  1. Preview Lesson 18Adjectives

  2. Vocabulary # 123 • Adjectives of 1st/2nd declension whose stems end in e( i( or r are a-type in feminine singular. • In today’s vocabulary, mo,noj is h-type – put it on your card as mo,noj( &h( &on) • All the rest are a-type – list them as di,kaioj( &a( &on( etc. • These decline just like the ones in Lesson 17 except they have a in the endings throughout the feminine singular (see #124). • Note ambiguous forms: • &aj could be gen. fem. sing. or acc. fem. pl. • &a could be nom./voc. fem. sing. or nom./acc. neut. pl.

  3. “Two-Termination” Adjectives (# 125) • Some adjectives have only two sets of endings – one for masculine/feminine and one for neuter. • In the declension, there is no column for the feminine – the masculine forms double for the feminine. • They are listed as: • a;dikoj( &on( unjust, unrighteous (add to vocab.) • aivw,nioj is usually treated as 2-termination, though forms like aivw,nia sometimes occur; list it as aivw,nioj( $&a%( &on( eternal • In construction, these will look like mismatches: • h` avdiko,j evntolh, = the unjust commandment • h` aivw,nioj zwh, = (the) eternal life • Context determines whether such forms are masc. or fem. • If they modify feminine nouns, they should be located as fem.

  4. Declension of a;dikoj( &on • No column for feminine. • Masculine forms double for feminine. • Context determines whether they are masc. or fem.

  5. Adjective Usage • Attributive – immediately follows article (Lesson 17) • Adjective modifies noun. • oi` kaloi. a;nqrwpoi = the good men. • Predicate –does not immediately follow article(Les. 17) • Adjective makes additional statement. • oi` a;nqrwpoi kaloi, = the men are good. • Substantive (# 127) – like attributive but noun is understood and supplied in translation. • oi` kaloi, = the good ones (men or people) • to. avgaqo,n = the good thing • th|/ tri,th| = on the third day • Gender, number, and context determine the noun to be supplied in translation.

  6. Adjectival Use of Prepositional Phrases (# 126) • Prepositional phrases are often used like adjectives in attributive position – stand between article and its noun. • oi` kaloi. a;nqrwpoi = the good men • oi` evn tw/| oi;kw| a;nqrwpoi = the in-the-house men = the men in the house • Prepositional phrases can also be used substantively – with the noun understood and supplied in translation. • oi` kaloi = good men (ones, people) • oi` evn tw/| oi;kw/| = the men (ones, people) in the house • ta, evn toi/j ouvranoi/j = the things in the heavens

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