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Understanding the Operational Environment in COIN

Understanding the Operational Environment in COIN. The Operational Environment. A reas S tructures C apabilities O rganizations P eople E vents. O bservation/fields of fire A venues of approach K ey terrain O bstacles C over & concealment C ivilian considerations. Physical Terrain.

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Understanding the Operational Environment in COIN

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  1. Understanding the Operational Environment in COIN

  2. The Operational Environment Areas Structures Capabilities Organizations People Events Observation/fields of fire Avenues of approach Key terrain Obstacles Cover & concealment Civilian considerations Physical Terrain Physical Terrain Human Terrain Human Terrain REF: FM 3-24, Appendix B, B1-B10

  3. Areas Address terrain analysis from a civilian perspective. • Religious boundaries • Political boundaries • Social enclaves • Criminal enclaves • Agricultural, mining, labor regions • Trade routes • Government centers • Police centers • Military Centers • Temporary settlements for IDPs Where do people live, work, play, meet, or worship?

  4. RPG IED FOB GIGANTOR IED IED IED IED IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED RPG RPG IED RPG IED RPG IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED IED RPG IED IED $ Legend IED IED Attack SAF IED IED Looting IED Assassination $ Extortion

  5. Areas Tribal Areas Tribe B RPG IED FOB GIGANTOR IED IED IED IED IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED RPG RPG IED RPG IED RPG IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED Tribe A IED RPG IED Tribe D IED Tribe C $ Legend IED IED Attack SAF IED IED Looting IED Assassination $ Extortion

  6. Areas Religious Boundaries Shi’a Sunni RPG IED FOB GIGANTOR IED IED IED IED IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED RPG RPG IED RPG IED RPG IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED IED RPG IED IED $ Legend IED IED Attack SAF IED IED Looting IED Assassination $ Extortion

  7. Areas Social Enclaves Shi’a Poor Sunni RPG IED FOB GIGANTOR IED IED IED Poor IED IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED RPG RPG IED RPG IED RPG IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED Poor IED RPG IED IED Rich Ex Regime $ Legend IED IED Attack Poor SAF IED IED Looting IED Assassination $ Extortion

  8. Areas Economic Districts Shi’a Poor Middle Merchants Sunni RPG IED FOB GIGANTOR IED IED IED Poor IED IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED RPG RPG IED RPG IED Middle Merchants RPG IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED Poor IED RPG IED IED Rich Ex Regime $ Legend Middle Merchants IED IED Attack SAF IED IED Looting IED Assassination $ Extortion

  9. Structures Why are structures in the area important?

  10. Structures M M M M M RPG IED FOB GIGANTOR IED IED IED IED IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED M RPG RPG IED RPG IED RPG IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED IED RPG IED M IED $ Legend IED IED Attack M SAF IED IED Looting IED Assassination $ Extortion

  11. Capabilities: the ability of local authorities to provide key functions and services. Capabilities Who in the community is capable of providing for the people?

  12. Capability G P TL G P TL G TL G P TL P Gov. Council Member M M RPG IED Gov. Council Member FOB GIGANTOR IED Imam IED IED IED IED Police IED RPG IED RPG P RPG IED M M RPG RPG Police IED RPG IED RPG IED IED Tribal Leader RPG IED RPG RPG Imam IED IED Tribal Leader RPG IED M M Gov. Council Member IED Tribal Leader $ Legend Doctor Police Chief IED IED Attack M M SAF Tribal Leader IED IED Looting IED Assassination $ Extortion

  13. Tribes Political Wings of Insurgent Groups PRT Non-government organizations (NGO) Private Sector (Companies, Contractors) International Red Cross Other Government Agencies (OGA) Media (TV, Radio, Newspapers, periodicals) Criminal organizations Organizations Consider all nonmilitary groups or institutions in the AO (Political,Cultural, Social, Religious) Who are the relevant groups of people in the area?

  14. Organization Poor Middle Merchants M M G RPG P IED FOB GIGANTOR IED IED IED Poor IED IED IED RPG IED RPG P RPG IED M M RPG TL RPG IED RPG G IED Middle Merchants RPG IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED Poor IED RPG IED P M M TL IED G Rich Ex Regime TL G P $ Legend TL Middle Merchants IED IED Attack M M Poor SAF IED IED Looting IED Assassination P $ Extortion

  15. City council leaders Imams/clerics Professionals Displaced persons or “squatters” Sources Sheikhs, tribal Leaders People All nonmilitary personnel that military forces encounter in the AO… whose actions, opinions, or political influence can affect the mission How do the people communicate/interact?

  16. People G G G G G G G G G T T T T T Graffiti M Graffiti M G RPG P IED FOB GIGANTOR IED IED IED IED IED IED Graffiti RPG IED RPG P RPG IED M M RPG TL RPG IED RPG G IED Graffiti RPG IED IED RPG IED RPG Tea Shops RPG IED IED RPG IED P Tea Shops M M Squatters TL IED G TL G Tea Shops P $ Legend TL IED IED Attack M Graffiti M SAF IED IED Looting IED Assassination P $ Extortion

  17. National Elections Anniversaries (independence, etc.) Carnival/Ramadan (religious) Funerals Political Rallies Events Events are routine, cyclical, planned, or spontaneous activities that significantly affect organizations, people, or military operations. When are things occurring?

  18. Wedding brings members of the tribe with rifles for celebratory fire. (Important to know if wedding same day as raid on target) Potential I/O issue especially if wedding party fires on raiding party. Friday prayer coincides with sectarian violence Spring brings seasonal fighters from surrounding nations Events Insurgents use events to advance their cause.

  19. G G G G G G G G G T T T T T M G RPG P IED FOB GIGANTOR IED IED IED IED IED IED RPG IED RPG P RPG IED RPG TL M RPG IED RPG G IED RPG IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED IED RPG IED P M TL IED G TL G P $ Legend TL IED IED Attack M M SAF IED IED Looting IED Assassination P $ Extortion

  20. Events G G G G G G G G G T T T T T M G RPG P IED FOB GIGANTOR IED IED IED IED IED IED RPG IED RPG P RPG IED M RPG TL RPG IED RPG G G IED RPG IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED IED RPG IED P M TL IED G TL G ? Voting P $ Legend TL IED IED Attack M SAF IED IED Looting IED Assassination P $ Extortion

  21. Environment G G G G G G G G G T T T T T G Tribe B Poor Middle Merchants RPG IED FOB GIGANTOR IED IED IED Poor IED IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED RPG RPG IED RPG IED Middle Merchants RPG IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED Poor Tribe A IED RPG IED Tribe D IED Rich Ex Regime Tribe C $ Legend Middle Merchants IED IED Attack Poor SAF IED IED Looting IED Assassination $ Extortion

  22. Environment G G G AG G G G G G T T T T T Tribe B Poor Middle Merchants M RPG IED FOB GIGANTOR IED IED IED Poor IED IED IED RPG IED RPG RPG IED RPG M RPG IED RPG IED Middle Merchants RPG IED IED RPG IED Insurgents attack Tribe A’s economic rivals to secure their support RPG RPG IED Poor Tribe A Sectarian Violence Insurgency IED RPG IED M Tribe D IED Rich Ex Regime Tribe C $ Legend Middle Merchants IED IED Attack M Poor SAF IED IED Looting IED Assassination $ Extortion

  23. Questions?

  24. Understanding the Operational Environment ASCOPE – human terrain Area Structures Capabilities Organizations People Events • OAKOC-C – physical terrain • Observation/ • Fields of Fire • Avenues of Approach • Key Terrain • Obstacles • Cover/ Concealment • Civilian Considerations REF: FM 3-24, Appendix B, B1-B10

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